Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

32. Vertebrates

Primates and Homonids

General Biology

32. Vertebrates

Primates and Homonids

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1:48 minutes

Problem 8

Textbook Question

Draw a phylogeny of major populations of modern humans that would reject the out-of-Africa hypothesis.

Verified step by step guidance

Begin by understanding the out-of-Africa hypothesis, which suggests that modern humans originated in Africa and then dispersed to other parts of the world, replacing local populations of archaic humans.

To reject the out-of-Africa hypothesis, consider a phylogeny where modern humans evolved independently in different regions outside Africa, from local archaic human populations.

Examine the provided image, which shows a 'bushy tree' interpretation of human evolution. This suggests multiple branches and interactions among different Homo species, such as H. habilis, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis, and H. neanderthalensis.

Construct a phylogeny where H. sapiens evolved from regional populations of H. erectus or H. heidelbergensis in different parts of the world, rather than solely from an African lineage.

Include evidence of interbreeding between H. sapiens and other Homo species, such as H. neanderthalensis, to support the idea of regional evolution and gene flow, which contrasts with the replacement model of the out-of-Africa hypothesis.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis

The Out-of-Africa hypothesis posits that modern humans (Homo sapiens) originated in Africa and then dispersed to other parts of the world, replacing local archaic human populations. This theory is supported by genetic evidence showing greater genetic diversity in African populations, suggesting a longer period of human evolution there. It contrasts with the multiregional hypothesis, which suggests simultaneous evolution in different regions.

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that depict the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics. These trees help illustrate the concept of common ancestry and can show how species have diverged over time. In the context of human evolution, they can be used to trace the lineage of modern humans and their relationship with other hominins.

Multiregional Hypothesis

The multiregional hypothesis suggests that modern humans evolved from archaic human populations in multiple regions of the world simultaneously, with continuous gene flow between these populations. This theory implies that regional characteristics of ancient humans contributed to the genetic makeup of modern humans. It contrasts with the Out-of-Africa hypothesis, which emphasizes a single origin and subsequent migration.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Which of the following correctly lists possible ancestors of humans from the oldest to the most recent?

a. Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis

b. Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus

c. Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Homo habilis

d. Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis

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Textbook Question

Which of these is not a member of the anthropoids?

a. Chimpanzee

b. Tarsier

c. Human

d. New World monkey

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Textbook Question

What aspect of DNA structure makes it possible for the proteins of nucleotide excision repair to recognize many different types of DNA damage?

(a) the polarity of each DNA strand

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Textbook Question

Studies of DNA support which of the following?

a. Members of the group called australopiths were the first to migrate from Africa.

b. Homo sapiens originated in Africa.

c. Sahelanthropus was the earliest hominin.

d. Chimpanzees are more similar to gorillas and orangutans than to humans.

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Textbook Question

The earliest members of the genus Homo

a. Had a larger brain compared to other hominins.

b. Probably hunted dinosaurs.

c. Lived about 4 million years ago.

d. Were the first hominins to be bipedal.

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Textbook Question

Humans possess which of the following traits? Select True or False for each trait. T/F triploblasty T/F parthenogenesis T/F viviparity T/F metamorphosis

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Textbook Question

Genetic diversity in living human populations is highest in Africa and decreases as a function of distance traveled by the human migration that left Africa many millennia ago. Draw a graph to show this trend. (Hint: What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What kind of graph is appropriate for this kind of data? Add a label where you would expect to find a data point for the Yanomamö tribe of the Amazon rain forest in South America. Why is it important to use indigenous people for this study?

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Textbook Question

One of the misconceptions about human evolution is expressed in the question 'If chimpanzees were our ancestors, then why do chimpanzees still exist?' Use Figure 19.10A to explain the answer.

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