Which of the following terms includes all the others?
a. Angiosperm
b. Gymnosperm
c. Vascular plant
d. Fern
e. Seed plant

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except

a. Seeds

b. Pollen

c. Ovaries

d. Ovules

The eggs of seed plants are fertilized within ovules, and the ovules then develop into

a. Seeds.

b. Spores.

c. Fruit.

d. Sporophytes.

The diploid sporophyte stage is dominant in the life cycles of all of the following except

a. A pine tree.

b. A rose bush.

c. A fern.

d. A moss.

Use the letters a–d to label where on the phylogenetic tree each of the following derived characters appears.

a. Flowers

b. Embryos

c. Seeds

d. Vascular tissue

Explain the difference between homosporous and heterosporous plants. Where are the microsporangium and megasporangium found in a tulip? What happens to the spores that are produced by these structures?

Steroid hormones, like most lipid-soluble signaling molecules, are processed directly. How does the absence of a signal transduction cascade in the processing of steroid hormones affect (c) the cellular response that is possible?

Angiosperms such as grasses, oaks, and maples are wind pollinated. The ancestors of these subgroups were probably pollinated by insects, however. As an adaptive advantage, why might a species 'revert' to wind pollination? (Hint: Think about the costs and benefits of being pollinated by insects versus wind.) Why is it logical to observe that wind-pollinated species usually grow in dense stands containing many individuals of the same species? Why is it logical to observe that in wind-pollinated deciduous trees, flowers form very early in spring—before leaves form?