Identify each of the following structures as haploid or diploid.
a. Sporophyte
b. Spore
c. Gametophyte
d. Zygote

Evaluate the following statements regarding seeds. Select True or False for each statement.

T/FThey contain an embryo.

T/FThey contain nutritive tissue for the embryo.

T/FThey consist entirely of diploid cells.

T/FThey are also referred to as spores.

At what point in photosynthesis is the electromagnetic energy of light first converted into chemical energy?

Why is the chlorophyll in chloroplasts less likely to produce fluorescence compared to extracted chlorophyll molecules?

What does it mean to say that a life cycle is gametophyte dominant versus sporophyte dominant?

The history of life has been punctuated by several mass extinctions. For example, the impact of a meteorite may have wiped out most of the dinosaurs and many forms of marine life at the end of the Cretaceous period. Fossils indicate that plants were less severely affected by this mass extinction. What adaptations may have enabled plants to withstand this disaster better than animals?

Draw a phylogenetic tree that represents our current understanding of evolutionary relationships between a moss, a gymnosperm, a lycophyte, and a fern. Use a charophyte alga as the outgroup. (See Figure 26.5 to review phylogenetic trees.) Label each branch point of the phylogeny with at least one derived character unique to the clade descended from the common ancestor represented by the branch point.

The evolution of cuticle presented plants with a challenge that threatened their ability to live on land. Describe this challenge, and explain why stomata represent a solution. Compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts.

Predict how the following conditions would affect the production of O₂, ATP, and NADPH and state whether noncyclic or cyclic electron flow would occur in each:

(3) blue and red photons hit a chloroplast, but a proton channel has been introduced into the thylakoid membrane, so it is fully permeable to protons.