Multiple Choice
At one point, as a cell carried out its day-to-day activities, the nucleotides GAT were paired with the nucleotides CUA. This pairing occurred __________.
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15. Gene Expression
Review of Transcription vs. Translation
2:02 minutesProblem 16
Textbook Question
The primary cause of death from αα-amanitin poisoning is liver failure. Suppose a physician informs you that liver cells die because their rate of protein production falls below a level needed to maintain active metabolism. Given that αα-amanitin is an inhibitor of transcription, you wonder if this information is correct. Propose an experiment to determine whether the toxin also has an effect on protein synthesis.
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Identify a suitable model organism or cell culture system that can be used to study the effects of αα-amanitin on cells, such as mouse liver cells or a hepatocyte cell line.
Design an experiment where you treat the chosen cells with varying concentrations of αα-amanitin and include a control group with no toxin exposure to observe the baseline cellular functions.
Measure the rate of transcription in the treated and control cells using a method such as quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess the mRNA levels of key liver enzymes or proteins, confirming the expected inhibition of transcription by αα-amanitin.
Assess the rate of protein synthesis in both treated and control cells by incorporating radiolabeled amino acids into newly synthesized proteins and subsequently measuring the radioactivity, which indicates the level of protein synthesis.
Analyze and compare the data from the transcription and protein synthesis measurements to determine if there is a correlation between the inhibition of transcription and the decrease in protein synthesis, thereby affecting the liver cell metabolism and survival.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Transcription and Protein Synthesis
Transcription is the process by which messenger RNA (mRNA) is synthesized from a DNA template. This mRNA serves as a blueprint for protein synthesis during translation. Inhibition of transcription, such as by αα-amanitin, can lead to decreased mRNA levels, ultimately reducing the production of proteins necessary for cellular functions and metabolism.
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αα-amanitin Mechanism of Action
αα-amanitin is a potent inhibitor of RNA polymerase II, the enzyme responsible for synthesizing mRNA in eukaryotic cells. By binding to this enzyme, αα-amanitin effectively halts transcription, leading to a decrease in mRNA production. This reduction can severely impact protein synthesis, as fewer mRNA transcripts are available for translation into proteins.
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Experimental Design to Assess Protein Synthesis
To determine the effect of αα-amanitin on protein synthesis, an experiment could involve treating cultured liver cells with varying concentrations of the toxin. Researchers could then measure protein levels using techniques such as Western blotting or radioisotope labeling to track newly synthesized proteins. Comparing treated cells to control cells would reveal the impact of αα-amanitin on protein production.
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