Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

41. Immune System

Adaptive Immunity

General Biology

41. Immune System

Adaptive Immunity

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Multiple Choice

New flu shots are needed every year to protect against infection because of __________.

latency

expiration

a direct attack on the immune system

None of the listed reasons is correct.

antigenic variation

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of antigenic variation: Antigenic variation refers to the process by which pathogens alter their surface proteins to evade detection by the host's immune system. This is a common strategy used by viruses, including the influenza virus, to avoid being targeted by antibodies produced from previous infections or vaccinations.

Recognize the role of antigenic variation in influenza: The influenza virus undergoes frequent changes in its antigens, specifically the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins on its surface. These changes can be minor (antigenic drift) or major (antigenic shift), leading to new strains of the virus that the immune system may not recognize.

Understand why new flu shots are needed annually: Due to antigenic variation, the influenza virus can change significantly from one year to the next. This means that the immune response generated by last year's flu shot may not be effective against this year's virus strain, necessitating the development of a new vaccine each year.

Differentiate antigenic variation from other concepts: Latency refers to a period when a virus is present in the body but not actively causing symptoms. Expiration is not relevant to the need for new flu shots. A direct attack on the immune system is more characteristic of viruses like HIV, which specifically target immune cells.

Conclude with the importance of vaccination: Annual flu vaccinations are crucial for public health as they are designed to protect against the most prevalent and anticipated strains of the influenza virus, taking into account the antigenic variations that occur.