Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

25. Phylogeny

Phylogeny

General Biology

25. Phylogeny

Phylogeny

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2:57 minutes

Problem 2

Textbook Question

Fill in this concept map about systematics.

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Start by identifying the main concept, 'Systematics,' which is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Step 2: For box (a), recognize that evolutionary history is called 'phylogeny,' which traces the lineage and relationships of organisms.

Step 3: For box (b), evolutionary history is based on 'morphological and molecular data,' which includes physical traits and genetic information.

Step 4: For box (c), the images of limbs represent 'homologous structures,' which are anatomical features shared due to common ancestry.

Step 5: For box (e), evolutionary relationships are shown in 'phylogenetic trees,' which visually represent hypotheses about the evolutionary connections among species.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Systematics

Systematics is a branch of biology that deals with the classification and evolutionary relationships among organisms. It aims to understand the diversity of life by tracing the evolutionary history of species and generating hypotheses about their relationships. This field combines data from various sources, including morphology, genetics, and fossil records, to construct phylogenetic trees that illustrate these relationships.

Cladistics

Cladistics is a method within systematics that classifies organisms based on shared derived characteristics, known as synapomorphies. This approach emphasizes the importance of evolutionary lineage and aims to create a branching diagram, or cladogram, that reflects the evolutionary pathways of different species. Cladistics helps in identifying groups of organisms that share a common ancestor, thus providing insights into their evolutionary history.

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees are graphical representations that depict the evolutionary relationships among various species or groups. They illustrate how species diverged from common ancestors over time, with branches representing lineages and nodes indicating points of divergence. These trees are constructed using data from morphological traits, genetic sequences, and fossil evidence, allowing scientists to visualize and analyze the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

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Related Practice

Multiple Choice

If you wanted to determine the lineage of plants that have evolved on a relatively young archipelago—approximately 15,000 years old—what type of nucleic acid should you compare?

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Textbook Question

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is

a. A shared ancestral character

b. A shared derived character

c. A character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals

d. An example of analogy rather than homology

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Textbook Question

To apply parsimony to constructing a phylogenetic tree

a. Choose the tree that assumes all evolutionary changes are equally probable

b. Choose the tree in which the branch points are based on as many shared derived characters as possible

c. Choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology

d. Choose the tree with the fewest branch points

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Textbook Question

Fill in the blanks on the phylogenetic tree (on the facing page) to show current hypotheses for the origin of multicellular organisms.

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Textbook Question

Critique the following statement: The absence of a trait cannot be used as a synapomorphy in phylogenetic analysis; only shared derived traits that are present in the clade can be used.

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Textbook Question

Where are protein components of the extracellular matrix synthesized?

a. In the rough ER

b. In the Golgi apparatus

c. In the plasma membrane

d. In the extracellular layer itself

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Textbook Question

How are hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among living organisms tested?