Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

25. Phylogeny

Phylogeny

General Biology

25. Phylogeny

Phylogeny

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1:31 minutes

Problem 5

Textbook Question

Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct? <IMAGE>
a. Goats and humans form a sister group
b. Salamanders are a sister group to the group containing lizards, goats, and humans
c. Salamanders are as closely related to goats as to humans
d. Lizards are more closely related to salamanders than to humans

Verified step by step guidance

Examine the phylogenetic tree provided in the problem. A phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships between species, where closer branches indicate closer relationships.

Identify the sister groups in the tree. Sister groups are two lineages that share a common ancestor not shared by any other lineage. For example, if goats and humans share a direct common ancestor, they form a sister group.

Analyze the placement of salamanders in the tree relative to lizards, goats, and humans. Determine if salamanders are equally related to goats and humans or if they are closer to one group than the other.

Compare the evolutionary distance between lizards and salamanders versus lizards and humans. This can be done by observing the branching points and common ancestors in the tree.

Evaluate each statement (a, b, c, d) based on the relationships depicted in the tree. Identify which statement contradicts the evolutionary relationships shown in the tree.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Phylogenetic Trees

Phylogenetic trees are diagrams that represent evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on their genetic or physical characteristics. Each branch point, or node, indicates a common ancestor, while the tips of the branches represent the current species. Understanding how to read these trees is crucial for determining relationships and identifying sister groups.

Sister Groups

Sister groups are pairs of taxa that are each other's closest relatives, sharing a more recent common ancestor than with any other group. In a phylogenetic tree, sister groups diverge from the same node. Recognizing sister groups helps clarify evolutionary relationships and can influence interpretations of traits and behaviors among species.

Cladistics

Cladistics is a method of classifying species based on common ancestry and the branching patterns of evolution. It focuses on shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) to establish relationships. This approach is essential for evaluating statements about evolutionary proximity, as it provides a framework for understanding how different organisms are related through their evolutionary history.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

In the following figure, which two main clades branch from the most recent common ancestor of the eumetazoans?

a. Porifera and Cnidaria

b. Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

c. Cnidaria and Bilateria

d. Deuterostomia and Bilateria

<IMAGE>

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Textbook Question

Explain the lock-and-key model of enzyme activity. What is incorrect about this model?

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Textbook Question

How do the extracellular filaments in plants differ from those in animals?

a. Plant filaments resist compression forces; animal filaments resist pulling forces.

b. Animal filaments consist of proteins; plant filaments consist of polysaccharides.

c. Plant extracellular filaments never move; animal filaments can slide past one another.

d. Plant filaments run parallel to one another; animal filaments crisscross.

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Textbook Question

What important assumption does parsimony make when assessing which phylogenetic tree is most accurate? Why was parsimony misleading in the case of the astragalus during the evolution of artiodactyls?

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Textbook Question

If you were using cladistics to build a phylogenetic tree of cats, which of the following would be the best outgroup?

a. Wolf

b. Domestic cat

c. Lion

d. Leopard

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Textbook Question

You can use a 'one-snip test' to identify monophyletic groups—meaning that if you 'cut' any branch on a tree, everything that 'falls off' is a monophyletic group. Why is this valid?

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Textbook Question

In terms of structure, how do channel proteins differ from carrier proteins?

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Textbook Question

The relative lengths of the frog and mouse branches in the phylogenetic tree in Figure 26.13 indicate that:

<IMAGE>

a. Frogs evolved before mice

b. Mice evolved before frogs

c. The homolog has evolved more rapidly in mice