Table of contents

1. Introduction to Biology2h 42m
2. Chemistry3h 37m
3. Water1h 26m
4. Biomolecules2h 23m
5. Cell Components2h 26m
6. The Membrane2h 31m
7. Energy and Metabolism2h 0m
8. Respiration2h 40m
9. Photosynthesis2h 49m
10. Cell Signaling59m
11. Cell Division2h 47m
12. Meiosis2h 0m
13. Mendelian Genetics4h 44m
14. DNA Synthesis2h 27m
15. Gene Expression3h 6m
16. Regulation of Expression3h 31m
17. Viruses37m
- Viruses
  37m
18. Biotechnology2h 58m
19. Genomics17m
- Genomes
  17m
20. Development1h 5m
21. Evolution3h 1m
22. Evolution of Populations3h 53m
23. Speciation1h 37m
24. History of Life on Earth2h 6m
25. Phylogeny2h 31m
26. Prokaryotes4h 59m
27. Protists1h 12m
28. Plants1h 22m
29. Fungi36m
- Fungi
  19m
- Fungi Reproduction
  17m
30. Overview of Animals34m
- Overview of Animals
  34m
31. Invertebrates1h 2m
32. Vertebrates50m
33. Plant Anatomy1h 3m
34. Vascular Plant Transport1h 2m
- Water Potential
  1h 2m
35. Soil37m
- Soil and Nutrients
  20m
- Nitrogen Fixation
  16m
36. Plant Reproduction47m
- Flowers
  33m
- Seeds
  14m
37. Plant Sensation and Response1h 9m
38. Animal Form and Function1h 19m
39. Digestive System1h 10m
- Digestion
  1h 3m
- Blood Sugar Homeostasis
  7m
40. Circulatory System1h 49m
41. Immune System1h 12m
42. Osmoregulation and Excretion50m
- Osmoregulation and Excretion
  50m
43. Endocrine System1h 4m
- Endocrine System
  1h 4m
44. Animal Reproduction1h 2m
- Animal Reproduction
  1h 2m
45. Nervous System1h 55m
- Neurons and Action Potentials
  1h 8m
- Central and Peripheral Nervous System
  46m
46. Sensory Systems46m
- Sensory System
  46m
47. Muscle Systems23m
- Musculoskeletal System
  23m
48. Ecology3h 11m
49. Animal Behavior28m
- Animal Behavior
  28m
50. Population Ecology3h 41m
51. Community Ecology2h 46m
52. Ecosystems2h 36m
53. Conservation Biology24m
- Conservation Biology
  24m

9. Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

General Biology

9. Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle

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4:28 minutes

Problem 3

Textbook Question

Which of the following are produced by reactions that take place in the thylakoids and consumed by reactions in the stroma?
a. CO₂ and H₂O
b. ATP and NADPH
c. ATP, NADPH, and CO₂
d. ATP, NADPH, and O₂

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of chloroplasts: The thylakoids are membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur. The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids where the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) take place.

Recall the purpose of light-dependent reactions: These reactions occur in the thylakoids and convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. Oxygen (O2) is also produced as a byproduct during the splitting of water (H2O).

Understand the role of ATP and NADPH: ATP and NADPH produced in the thylakoids are used in the stroma during the Calvin cycle to drive the synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide (CO2).

Eliminate incorrect options: CO2 is consumed in the stroma during the Calvin cycle, not produced in the thylakoids. O2 is produced in the thylakoids but not consumed in the stroma. Therefore, options involving CO2 and O2 can be ruled out.

Identify the correct answer: ATP and NADPH are produced in the thylakoids during light-dependent reactions and consumed in the stroma during the Calvin cycle. Thus, the correct answer is b. ATP and NADPH.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily in the form of glucose. This process occurs in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoids, and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle), which occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Thylakoids

Thylakoids are membrane-bound structures within chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll and are the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. During these reactions, light energy is captured and used to produce ATP and NADPH, which are essential energy carriers for the subsequent reactions in the stroma.

Stroma

The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoids in chloroplasts where the light-independent reactions, or Calvin cycle, occur. In this phase, ATP and NADPH produced in the thylakoids are utilized to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into glucose, demonstrating the interdependence of the two stages of photosynthesis.