AP® biology unit 6 Flashcards
AP® biology unit 6
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What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA -> RNA -> Protein What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA double helix during replication?
Helicase What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?
Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes What is a codon?
A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid What is the function of tRNA?
Transfers amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis What is the significance of the promoter region in transcription?
It is the binding site for RNA polymerase to initiate transcription What is the difference between introns and exons?
Introns are non-coding regions; exons are coding regions What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?
Site of protein synthesis What is a mutation?
A change in the DNA sequence What is the function of DNA polymerase?
Synthesizes new DNA strands during replication What is the purpose of the 5' cap and poly-A tail in mRNA processing?
Protects mRNA from degradation and aids in export from the nucleus What is the role of RNA polymerase in transcription?
Synthesizes RNA from a DNA template What is the function of a spliceosome?
Removes introns from pre-mRNA What is the genetic code and why is it considered universal?
The set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins; it is universal because it is nearly the same in all organisms What is the role of the anticodon in tRNA?
Pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA during translation What is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation?
Silent mutation does not change the amino acid; missense mutation changes one amino acid What is the function of the start codon in translation?
Signals the beginning of protein synthesis What is the role of the stop codon in translation?
Signals the end of protein synthesis What is the function of a transcription factor?
Regulates the transcription of specific genes What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription?
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm; eukaryotic transcription occurs in the nucleus