Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy quiz #1 Flashcards
Circulatory and Respiratory Anatomy quiz #1
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What is the primary function of the respiratory system in humans?
The primary function of the respiratory system is to bring oxygen into the body for cellular respiration and remove carbon dioxide, a waste product of cellular respiration. How do the circulatory and respiratory systems work together to facilitate gas exchange?
The respiratory system brings in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide, while the circulatory system transports these gases between the lungs and body tissues, ensuring oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal. What is ventilation, and where does it occur in the human body?
Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs, allowing for gas exchange at the alveoli. Describe the process of gas exchange in the alveoli.
In the alveoli, oxygen diffuses from the air into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air to be exhaled. What is the main role of arteries in the circulatory system?
Arteries carry blood away from the heart to various parts of the body. How do veins differ from arteries in structure and function?
Veins carry blood toward the heart, have thinner walls and less smooth muscle than arteries, and contain valves to prevent backflow due to lower pressure. What is the function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Capillaries are the sites of exchange between blood and tissues, allowing for the transfer of gases, nutrients, and wastes. Explain the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Pulmonary circulation moves deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back, while systemic circulation delivers oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. What are the main chambers of the human heart, and what is their function?
The heart has four chambers: right atrium and right ventricle (receive and pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs), and left atrium and left ventricle (receive and pump oxygenated blood to the body). What is the purpose of heart valves, and what are the two main types?
Heart valves prevent backflow of blood; the two main types are atrioventricular valves (between atria and ventricles) and semilunar valves (between ventricles and arteries). Describe the path of blood flow through the heart, lungs, and body.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, moves to the right ventricle, is pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, returns oxygenated to the left atrium via pulmonary veins, moves to the left ventricle, and is pumped to the body via the aorta. What is the function of the diaphragm in respiration?
The diaphragm contracts and flattens to create negative pressure, pulling air into the lungs during inhalation. What are alveoli, and why are they important for respiration?
Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where gas exchange occurs between air and blood. What is the role of surfactant in the lungs?
Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and ensuring efficient gas exchange. What is the function of the trachea, and how is it structurally supported?
The trachea carries air from the pharynx to the lungs and is supported by C-shaped rings of cartilage. How do bronchi and bronchioles differ in structure and function?
Bronchi are larger airways supported by cartilage, while bronchioles are smaller branches supported by smooth muscle and lack cartilage. What is the main function of red blood cells, and what protein do they contain?
Red blood cells transport oxygen using the protein hemoglobin. What is hemoglobin, and how does it facilitate oxygen transport?
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells with four subunits, each containing a heme group that binds oxygen for transport. How does the structure of capillaries facilitate their function?
Capillaries have walls that are only one cell thick, allowing for efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes between blood and tissues. What is the role of white blood cells and platelets in blood?
White blood cells are involved in immune defense, while platelets help with blood clotting. What is the function of the lymphatic system in relation to the circulatory system?
The lymphatic system drains excess plasma from interstitial fluid, filters it through lymph nodes, and returns it to the bloodstream. What is the significance of valves in veins?
Valves in veins prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it moves toward the heart despite low pressure. What is the main component of blood plasma, and what does it contain?
Blood plasma is mostly water and contains dissolved electrolytes, organic compounds, and gases. How are red blood cells produced, and what hormone stimulates their production?
Red blood cells are produced in bone marrow, and their production is stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin from the kidneys. What is sickle cell disease, and how does it affect red blood cells?
Sickle cell disease is caused by abnormal hemoglobin, leading to distorted, sickle-shaped red blood cells that impair function. Why does sickle cell disease persist in some populations despite its harmful effects?
Heterozygotes for the sickle cell gene have increased resistance to malaria, providing a selective advantage in malaria-endemic regions. What is the function of myoglobin, and how does it differ from hemoglobin?
Myoglobin is an oxygen-binding protein in muscle cells with a single heme group; it binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin. What is the pharynx, and what is its role in the respiratory system?
The pharynx is the throat at the back of the mouth, serving as a shared passageway for air, food, and water. What is the function of the larynx in the respiratory system?
The larynx, or voice box, contains the vocal cords and is the entry to the trachea. How do precapillary sphincters regulate blood flow in capillary beds?
Precapillary sphincters are small muscles that control blood flow into capillary beds by constricting or relaxing. What is the role of the aorta in systemic circulation?
The aorta carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle of the heart to the tissues of the body. What are the superior and inferior vena cava, and what is their function?
The superior and inferior vena cava are large veins that return deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium of the heart.
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