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General Biology: Plant and Fungi Key Concepts

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  • Three key traits plants share with charophytes

    1) Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins, 2) Structure of flagellated sperm, 3) Formation of phragmoplast during cell division.

  • Key trait differentiating plants from photosynthetic protists

    Plants have a multicellular, dependent embryo stage protected by parental tissues.

  • Four key traits in land plants absent in charophytes

    1) Alternation of generations, 2) Multicellular, dependent embryos, 3) Walled spores produced in sporangia, 4) Apical meristems.

  • Organ where spores are produced

    Sporangia produce spores in plants.

  • Organ producing sperm in plants

    Antheridia produce sperm cells.

  • Is the gametophyte haploid or diploid?

    The gametophyte is haploid.

  • Stage in alternation of generations that is haploid and produces gametes

    The gametophyte stage is haploid and produces gametes by mitosis.

  • Gametophytes produce multiple gametangia called

    Antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).

  • Function of apical meristems

    Apical meristems allow plants to grow continuously in length at roots and shoots.

  • Plant part allowing continuous growth

    Apical meristems enable continuous growth.

  • Molecule vital for structural support and protection of plant spores

    Sporopollenin protects spores from desiccation and damage.

  • Fungi-plant symbiosis aiding nutrient absorption

    Mycorrhizae enhance nutrient uptake in plants.

  • Plant structure reducing water loss crucial for land adaptation

    Cuticle reduces water loss in plants.

  • Four major plant groups

    Nonvascular plants, seedless vascular plants, gymnosperms, angiosperms.

  • Gymnosperms are considered the

    naked seed plants.

  • Plant group containing 90% of all species

    Angiosperms make up 90% of plant species.

  • Key trait of nonvascular plants

    Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissue and are small and low to the ground.

  • Dominant generation in nonvascular plants

    Gametophyte is dominant in nonvascular plants.

  • Structure anchoring moss gametophytes

    Rhizoids anchor moss gametophytes to substrate.

  • Primary function of rhizoids

    Rhizoids anchor plants and aid in water absorption.

  • Structure attaching moss sporophyte to gametophyte

    Seta connects sporophyte to gametophyte.

  • Four parts of a moss sporophyte

    Sporangium (capsule), seta, foot, and stalk.

  • Type of gamete produced by male gametophyte

    Sperm are produced by male gametophytes.

  • Type of gamete produced by female gametophyte

    Eggs are produced by female gametophytes.

  • Three phyla representing nonvascular plants

    Hepatophyta (liverworts), Anthocerophyta (hornworts), Bryophyta (mosses).

  • Plant group of Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, and Bryophyta

    They belong to nonvascular plants.

  • Requirement for moss sexual reproduction

    Water is required for sperm to swim to eggs.

  • Phylum mosses belong to

    Mosses belong to Bryophyta.

  • Ecological significance of mosses

    Mosses help retain moisture and prevent soil erosion.

  • Two key traits of seedless vascular plants

    Vascular tissue and dominant sporophyte generation.

  • Environments seedless vascular plants are restricted to and why

    Moist environments due to sperm needing water for fertilization.

  • Clusters of sporangia on fern sporophylls

    Sori are clusters of sporangia.

  • Modified leaves with sporangia called

    Sporophylls are leaves bearing sporangia.