Jon found an organism in a pond, and he thinks it's a freshwater sponge. His friend Liz thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus?
a. See if it can swim.
b. Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic.
c. See if it is a eukaryote or a prokaryote.
d. Look for cell walls under a microscope.

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the key differences between animals and fungi. Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that lack cell walls, while fungi are also heterotrophic but have cell walls made of chitin.

Eliminate irrelevant options. For example, option (a) 'See if it can swim' is not a reliable criterion because not all animals swim, and fungi do not swim either.

Option (b) 'Figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic' is not helpful here because both animals and fungi are heterotrophic, meaning they obtain their nutrients by consuming organic material.

Option (c) 'See if it is a eukaryote or a prokaryote' is also not useful because both animals and fungi are eukaryotic organisms, meaning their cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Option (d) 'Look for cell walls under a microscope' is the most relevant step. Use a microscope to examine the organism's cells. If the cells have a rigid cell wall, it is likely a fungus. If the cells lack a cell wall, it is likely an animal (such as a freshwater sponge).

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membranes, while prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus. This distinction is fundamental in biology, as it separates complex organisms, including animals and fungi, from simpler forms like bacteria. Identifying whether the organism is a eukaryote can help Jon and Liz determine its classification.

Autotrophic vs. Heterotrophic

Autotrophic organisms produce their own food through processes like photosynthesis, while heterotrophic organisms obtain their food by consuming other organisms. This concept is crucial for distinguishing between plants (autotrophs) and animals or fungi (heterotrophs). Understanding the nutritional mode of the organism can provide insights into whether it is more likely to be a sponge (animal) or a fungus.

Cell Walls in Organisms

Cell walls are rigid structures that provide support and protection to cells. In biology, fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while animal cells do not have cell walls at all. Observing the presence or absence of a cell wall under a microscope can help Jon and Liz determine if the organism is more similar to a sponge (animal) or a fungus.

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Textbook Question

The table below lists the common names of the nine animal phyla surveyed in this chapter. For each phylum, list the key characteristics and some representatives.

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