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Independence Tests definitions

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  • Independence
    A condition where two variables do not influence or affect each other in any way.
  • Chi-Square Test
    A statistical method used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables.
  • Null Hypothesis
    The default assumption that two variables are not related and do not affect each other.
  • Alternative Hypothesis
    A claim suggesting that two variables are related and do influence each other.
  • Test Statistic
    A calculated value from observed and expected frequencies used to assess the evidence against the null hypothesis.
  • Observed Frequency
    The actual count of occurrences recorded in each category of a data table.
  • Expected Frequency
    The calculated count for each category assuming the variables are independent.
  • Degrees of Freedom
    A value found by multiplying (rows minus one) by (columns minus one) in a contingency table.
  • P-Value
    A probability that measures the evidence against the null hypothesis, compared to the alpha level.
  • Alpha Level
    A threshold probability, often set at 0.05, used to decide whether to reject the null hypothesis.
  • Contingency Table
    A matrix displaying the frequency distribution of variables to examine their relationship.
  • Random Sample
    A selection method ensuring every member of a population has an equal chance of being chosen.
  • Categorical Variable
    A variable that represents data sorted into distinct groups or categories.
  • Goodness of Fit Test
    A statistical test comparing observed frequencies to expected frequencies for a single variable.
  • Cell
    An individual entry in a contingency table representing the frequency for a specific category combination.