Table of contents

1. Intro to General Chemistry3h 48m
2. Atoms & Elements4h 16m
3. Chemical Reactions4h 10m
4. BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
5. BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions48m
6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions3h 53m
7. Gases3h 49m
8. Thermochemistry2h 37m
9. Quantum Mechanics2h 58m
10. Periodic Properties of the Elements3h 9m
11. Bonding & Molecular Structure3h 29m
12. Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory1h 57m
13. Liquids, Solids & Intermolecular Forces2h 23m
14. Solutions3h 1m
15. Chemical Kinetics2h 53m
16. Chemical Equilibrium2h 29m
17. Acid and Base Equilibrium5h 1m
18. Aqueous Equilibrium4h 47m
19. Chemical Thermodynamics1h 50m
20. Electrochemistry2h 42m
21. Nuclear Chemistry2h 36m
22. Organic Chemistry5h 7m
23. Chemistry of the Nonmetals2h 39m
24. Transition Metals and Coordination Compounds3h 16m

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

Solubility Rules

General Chemistry

6. Chemical Quantities & Aqueous Reactions

Solubility Rules

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Multiple Choice

Which graph best represents the change in solubility of BaCO3 as HNO3 is gradually added to an aqueous solution?

A graph showing a steady decrease in BaCO3 solubility as HNO3 concentration increases.

A graph showing an initial increase followed by a decrease in BaCO3 solubility as HNO3 concentration increases.

A graph showing no change in BaCO3 solubility as HNO3 concentration increases.

A graph showing a steady increase in BaCO3 solubility as HNO3 concentration increases.

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Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the chemical equilibrium involved. Barium carbonate (BaCO\_3) is a sparingly soluble salt that dissociates in water according to the equilibrium: $\mathrm{BaCO_3 (s) \rightleftharpoons Ba^{2+} (aq) + CO_3^{2-} (aq)}$.

Step 2: Recognize the effect of adding HNO\_3, a strong acid, to the solution. The acid will dissociate completely, providing H\^+ ions that react with carbonate ions: $\mathrm{CO_3^{2-} + 2H^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O}$.

Step 3: Apply Le Ch\^atelier's principle. As H\^+ ions remove CO\_3^{2-} ions by converting them into carbonic acid and then CO\_2, the equilibrium shifts to dissolve more BaCO\_3 to replace the lost carbonate ions, increasing BaCO\_3 solubility.

Step 4: Predict the shape of the solubility curve. Since the removal of carbonate ions continuously drives the dissolution of BaCO\_3, the solubility should steadily increase as more HNO\_3 is added.

Step 5: Conclude that the graph showing a steady increase in BaCO\_3 solubility with increasing HNO\_3 concentration best represents the system, because the acid effectively increases solubility by shifting the dissolution equilibrium.