Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment

Brown - Chemistry: The Central Science 14th Edition

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Brown 14th Edition

Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment

Problem 12a

Chapter 18, Problem 12a

(a) How are the boundaries between the regions of the atmosphere determined?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand that the atmosphere is divided into layers based on temperature gradients and composition.

Identify the main layers of the atmosphere: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.

Recognize that the boundaries between these layers, known as 'pauses' (e.g., tropopause, stratopause), are determined by changes in temperature trends.

Note that in the troposphere, temperature decreases with altitude, while in the stratosphere, temperature increases with altitude due to ozone absorption of UV radiation.

Realize that the mesosphere sees a decrease in temperature with altitude, and the thermosphere experiences an increase in temperature with altitude due to solar radiation absorption.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Atmospheric Layers

The atmosphere is divided into distinct layers based on temperature gradients and composition. These layers include the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has unique characteristics, such as temperature changes and the presence of specific gases, which help define the boundaries between them.

Temperature Inversion

Temperature inversion occurs when the temperature increases with altitude, contrary to the normal decrease. This phenomenon can create distinct boundaries between atmospheric layers, as it affects air stability and the mixing of air masses. Inversions are crucial for understanding weather patterns and pollution dispersion.

Pressure and Density Gradients

The atmosphere's structure is also influenced by pressure and density gradients, which decrease with altitude. These gradients help define the boundaries of atmospheric layers, as different layers exhibit varying densities and pressures. Understanding these gradients is essential for comprehending how air moves and interacts within the atmosphere.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

From the data in Table 18.1, calculate the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and argon when the total atmospheric pressure is 1.05 bar.

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Textbook Question

(b) Name the regions of the atmosphere, indicating the altitude interval for each one.

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Textbook Question

Air pollution in the Mexico City metropolitan area is among the worst in the world. The concentration of ozone in Mexico City has been measured at 441 ppb (0.441 ppm). Mexico City sits at an altitude of 7400 feet, which means its atmospheric pressure is only 0.67 atm. (a) Calculate the partial pressure of ozone at 441 ppb if the atmospheric pressure is 0.67 atm.

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Textbook Question

(a) What is the primary basis for the division of the atmosphere into different regions?

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