Textbook Question
Which diagram best represents a liquid–liquid emulsion such as milk? The colored balls represent different liquid molecules. [Section 13.6]
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Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement140
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions192
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry172
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution156
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry151
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms137
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements127
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding143
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories167
- Ch.10 - Gases147
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces97
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials129
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions126
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics175
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium107
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria127
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria133
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment88
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics140
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry137
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry99
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals66
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry69
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry11
Brown14th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780134414232Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 13, Problem 8
You take a sample of water that is at room temperature and in contact with air and put it under a vacuum. Right away, you see bubbles leave the water, but after a little while, the bubbles stop. As you keep applying the vacuum, more bubbles appear. A friend tells you that the first bubbles were water vapor, and that the low pressure had reduced the boiling point of water, causing the water to boil. Another friend tells you that the first bubbles were gas molecules from the air (oxygen, nitrogen, and so forth) that were dissolved in the water. Which friend is most likely to be correct? What, then, is responsible for the second batch of bubbles? [Section 13.4]
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the initial conditions. The water sample is at room temperature and in contact with air, meaning it contains dissolved gases like oxygen and nitrogen.
Step 2: Consider the effect of applying a vacuum. Lowering the pressure above the liquid reduces the solubility of gases in the water, causing the dissolved gases to come out of solution and form bubbles.
Step 3: Identify the first batch of bubbles. These are likely the gases (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) that were dissolved in the water, now escaping due to the reduced pressure.
Step 4: Analyze the continued application of the vacuum. As the pressure continues to decrease, the boiling point of water also decreases, eventually reaching a point where the water begins to boil at room temperature.
Step 5: Identify the second batch of bubbles. These are likely water vapor, as the reduced pressure has lowered the boiling point, causing the water to transition into the gas phase and form bubbles.
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Boiling Point and Vapor Pressure
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure equals the external pressure. When the pressure is reduced, as in a vacuum, the boiling point of water decreases, allowing it to boil at lower temperatures. This phenomenon explains why bubbles can form in water under reduced pressure, as the water transitions to the gas phase more readily.
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Boiling Point Elevation
Dissolved Gases in Water
Water can dissolve various gases from the air, such as oxygen and nitrogen, which are present in the water at equilibrium with the atmosphere. When the pressure is decreased, the solubility of these gases decreases, leading to the formation of bubbles as the dissolved gases escape. This process occurs before any significant boiling of the water itself.
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01:23Reaction with Water
Henry's Law
Henry's Law states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid. When the external pressure is reduced, the solubility of the dissolved gases decreases, causing them to come out of solution and form bubbles. This law helps explain the initial bubbles observed when the vacuum is applied.
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01:40Henry's Law Calculations
Related Practice
Textbook Question
Suppose you had a balloon made of some highly flexible semipermeable membrane. The balloon is filled completely with a 0.2 M solution of some solute and is submerged in a 0.1 M solution of the same solute:
Initially, the volume of solution in the balloon is 0.25 L. Assuming the volume outside the semipermeable membrane is large, as the illustration shows, what would you expect for the solution volume inside the balloon once the system has come to equilibrium through osmosis? [Section 13.5]
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Textbook Question
The structures of vitamins E and B6 are shown below. Predict which is more water soluble and which is more fat soluble. [Section 13.3]
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