Textbook Question
Complete and balance the nuclear equations for the following fission reactions:
(a) 23592U + 10n → 16062Sm + 7230Zn + _ 10n
(b) 23994Pu + 10n → 14458Ce + _ + 2 10n
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Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement111
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions166
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry138
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution127
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry104
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms109
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements107
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding102
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories120
- Ch.10 - Gases122
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces79
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials102
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions99
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics153
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium83
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria109
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria117
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment60
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics109
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry113
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry79
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals52
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry57
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry7
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 21, Problem 59
What is the function of the control rods in a nuclear reactor? What substances are used to construct the control rods? Why are these substances chosen?
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the role of control rods in a nuclear reactor. Control rods are crucial components used to manage the fission reaction within a nuclear reactor. They help control the rate of the reaction by absorbing neutrons, which are particles that can cause further fission reactions.
Step 2: Identify the materials used to construct control rods. Common materials include cadmium, hafnium, and boron. These elements are chosen because they have a high neutron absorption cross-section, meaning they are very effective at capturing neutrons.
Step 3: Explain why neutron absorption is important. By absorbing neutrons, control rods can slow down or stop the chain reaction in the reactor. This is essential for maintaining a stable and safe operation of the reactor, preventing it from becoming too hot or going out of control.
Step 4: Discuss the placement and movement of control rods. Control rods are inserted into or withdrawn from the reactor core to adjust the neutron flux, which in turn controls the power output of the reactor. The precise movement of these rods allows operators to maintain the desired level of reactivity.
Step 5: Highlight the safety aspect of control rods. In the event of an emergency, control rods can be fully inserted into the reactor core to quickly shut down the nuclear reaction, providing a critical safety mechanism to prevent accidents.
Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Control Rods Function
Control rods are crucial components in a nuclear reactor that regulate the fission process. They absorb neutrons, which are released during nuclear reactions, thereby controlling the rate of the reaction. By adjusting the position of the control rods, operators can increase or decrease the reactor's power output, ensuring safe and efficient operation.
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Materials Used for Control Rods
Control rods are typically made from materials that have a high neutron absorption capacity, such as boron, cadmium, or hafnium. These materials are chosen because they effectively capture neutrons without undergoing fission themselves, allowing for precise control over the nuclear reaction. The selection of these materials is critical for maintaining reactor safety and efficiency.
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Importance of Neutron Absorption
Neutron absorption is a fundamental concept in nuclear physics that refers to the ability of certain materials to capture neutrons. This process is essential in controlling nuclear reactions, as it prevents the chain reaction from becoming too rapid or uncontrollable. The effectiveness of control rods in absorbing neutrons directly impacts the stability and safety of the nuclear reactor.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
(c) What other substances are used as a moderator in nuclear reactor designs?
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Textbook Question
Based on the following atomic mass values: 1H, 1.00782 amu; 2H, 2.01410 amu; 3H, 3.01605 amu; 3He, 3.01603 amu; 4He, 4.00260 amu—and the mass of the neutron given in the text, calculate the energy released per mole in each of the following nuclear reactions, all of which are possibilities for a controlled fusion process:
(a) 21H + 31H → 42He + 10n
(b) 21H + 21H → 32He + 10n
(c) 21H + 32He → 42He + 11H
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Textbook Question
The spent fuel elements from a fission reactor are much more intensely radioactive than the original fuel elements. (b) Given that only two or three neutrons are released per fission event and knowing that the nucleus undergoing fission has a neutron-to-proton ratio characteristic of a heavy nucleus, what sorts of decay would you expect to be dominant among the fission products?
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