Textbook Question
(a) What is the difference between chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons?
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Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 - Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement111
- Ch.2 - Atoms, Molecules, and Ions166
- Ch.3 - Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry138
- Ch.4 - Reactions in Aqueous Solution127
- Ch.5 - Thermochemistry104
- Ch.6 - Electronic Structure of Atoms109
- Ch.7 - Periodic Properties of the Elements107
- Ch.8 - Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding102
- Ch.9 - Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories120
- Ch.10 - Gases122
- Ch.11 - Liquids and Intermolecular Forces79
- Ch.12 - Solids and Modern Materials102
- Ch.13 - Properties of Solutions99
- Ch.14 - Chemical Kinetics153
- Ch.15 - Chemical Equilibrium83
- Ch.16 - Acid-Base Equilibria109
- Ch.17 - Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria117
- Ch.18 - Chemistry of the Environment60
- Ch.19 - Chemical Thermodynamics109
- Ch.20 - Electrochemistry113
- Ch.21 - Nuclear Chemistry79
- Ch.22 - Chemistry of the Nonmetals52
- Ch.23 - Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry57
- Ch.24 - The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry7
Brown15th EditionChemistry: The Central ScienceISBN: 9780137542970Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 18, Problem 22
Which of the following reactions in the stratosphere cause an increase in temperature there? (a) O(g) + O2(g) → O3+(g) (b) O3*(g) + M(g) → O3(g) + M*(g) (c) O2(g) + hv → 2 O(g) (d) O(g) + N2(g) → NO(g) + N(g) (e) All of the above
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Identify the reactions that involve the absorption of energy, as these are likely to cause an increase in temperature.
Consider reaction (c): \(\text{O}_2(g) + h\nu \rightarrow 2 \text{O}(g)\). This reaction involves the absorption of ultraviolet light (hv), which provides energy to break the O-O bond in \(\text{O}_2\), leading to an increase in temperature.
Evaluate the other reactions to determine if they involve energy absorption or release. Reactions that release energy (exothermic) can also increase temperature.
Reaction (a) involves the formation of ozone, which is an exothermic process, potentially increasing temperature.
Conclude that reactions involving energy absorption or exothermic processes contribute to temperature increase in the stratosphere.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Stratospheric Chemistry
Stratospheric chemistry involves the study of chemical reactions that occur in the stratosphere, particularly those involving ozone (O3) and other atmospheric gases. The reactions can influence the concentration of ozone, which plays a crucial role in absorbing ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, thereby affecting temperature and climate patterns.
Photodissociation
Photodissociation is the process by which a chemical compound is broken down by photons, typically ultraviolet light. In the context of the stratosphere, the reaction O2(g) + hv → 2 O(g) illustrates how UV radiation can lead to the formation of reactive oxygen atoms, which can subsequently participate in other reactions that may affect temperature.
Ozone Formation and Depletion
Ozone formation and depletion are critical processes in the stratosphere that influence temperature. Reactions that produce ozone, such as O(g) + O2(g) → O3(g), can lead to warming as ozone absorbs UV radiation. Conversely, reactions that deplete ozone can lead to cooling effects, making it essential to understand these dynamics when analyzing temperature changes in the stratosphere.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
(b) Use the energy requirements of these two pro- cesses to explain why photodissociation of oxygen is more important than photoionization of oxygen at altitudes below about 90 km.
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Textbook Question
(a) When chlorine atoms react with atmospheric ozone, what are the products of the reaction?
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Textbook Question
The ultraviolet spectrum can be divided into three regions based on wavelength: UV-A (315–400 nm), UV-B (280–315 nm), and UV-C (100–280 nm). (b) In the absence of ozone, which of these three regions, if any, are absorbed by the atmo- sphere?
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Textbook Question
The wavelength at which the O2 molecule most strongly absorbs light is approximately 145 nm. (a) In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does this light fall?
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