Ch.8 - Covalent Compounds: Bonding Theories and Molecular Structure

Problem 27

Chapter 8, Problem 27

What is the geometry around the central atom in each of thefollowing molecular models?(a)

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Identify the central atom in the molecular model.

Count the number of atoms directly bonded to the central atom.

Determine the number of lone pairs on the central atom (if any).

Use the VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory to predict the molecular geometry based on the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs around the central atom.

Conclude the geometry around the central atom based on the VSEPR model.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

VSEPR Theory

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory is a model used to predict the geometry of individual molecules based on the repulsion between electron pairs in the valence shell of the central atom. According to this theory, electron pairs will arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion, leading to specific molecular shapes.

Molecular Geometry

Molecular geometry refers to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule. It is determined by the number of bonding pairs and lone pairs of electrons around the central atom, which influences the overall shape, such as linear, trigonal planar, or tetrahedral, affecting the molecule's physical and chemical properties.

Bond Angles

Bond angles are the angles formed between adjacent bonds in a molecule, which are crucial for defining its geometry. These angles are influenced by the arrangement of electron pairs around the central atom, and understanding them helps predict how molecules will interact with each other and their reactivity in chemical reactions.

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Bond Angles

Related Practice

Textbook Question

Use the chemical structure for Tagamet, a drug used to treatpeptic ulcers and heartburn, to answer questions 8 and 9.

Which orbitals overlap to form bond 1? (LO 8.5)(a) s bond: N 1sp22 with C 1sp22; p bond: N (p) with C (p)(b) N 1sp22 with C 1sp22(c) s bond: N 1sp22 with C 1sp22; p bond: N 1sp22 withC 1sp22(d) s bond: N (sp) with C 1sp22; p bond: N (p) with C (p)

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Textbook Question

Use the chemical structure for Tagamet, a drug used to treat peptic ulcers and heartburn, to answer questions 8 and 9.

Which orbitals overlap to form bond 2? (LO 8.5) (a) C (sp) with C (sp) (b) C (sp) with C 1sp22 (c) C 1sp22 with C 1sp22 (d) C 1sp32 with C 1sp22

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Textbook Question

The C2 molecule has a MO diagram similar to N2 (Figure 8.22a). What is the bond order of C2 and is it paramagnetic or diamagnetic? (LO 8.12) (a) Bond order = 2, diamagnetic (b) Bond order = 2, paramagnetic (c) Bond order = 0, paramagnetic (d) Bond order = 3>2, diamagnetic

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Textbook Question

Three of the following molecular models have a tetrahedral central atom, and one does not. Which is the odd one? (There may be a 'hidden' atom directly behind a visible atom in some cases.) (a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

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Textbook Question

The VSEPR model is a simple predictive tool that is usually,but not always, correct. Take urea, for instance, a wasteproduct excreted in animal urine:

What hybridization would you expect for the C and N atoms in urea according to the VSEPR model, and what approximate values would you expect for the various bond angles? What are the actual hybridizations and bond angles based on themolecular model shown? 1Red = O, gray = C, blue = N,ivory = H.2

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Textbook Question

The following ball-and-stick molecular model is a representationof acetaminophen, the active ingredient in such over-thecounterheadache remedies as Tylenol. 1Red = O, gray = C,blue = N, ivory = H.2(c) What is the geometry around each carbon?

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