Ch.10 - Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

Tro - Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 4th Edition

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Ch.10 - Chemical Bonding II: Molecular Shapes & Valence Bond Theory

Problem 80c

Chapter 10, Problem 80c

According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length? O₂, O₂^- , O₂^2-

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Identify the molecular orbitals involved in the bonding of O_2, O_2^-, and O_2^{2-}.

Determine the bond order for each species using the formula: Bond Order = (Number of bonding electrons - Number of antibonding electrons) / 2.

For O_2, fill the molecular orbitals with 12 electrons and calculate the bond order.

For O_2^-, add one electron to the molecular orbitals of O_2 and recalculate the bond order.

For O_2^{2-}, add two electrons to the molecular orbitals of O_2 and recalculate the bond order.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Molecular Orbital Theory (MO Theory)

Molecular Orbital Theory describes the behavior of electrons in molecules, where atomic orbitals combine to form molecular orbitals that can be occupied by electrons. This theory helps predict molecular properties, including bond order, which is the difference between the number of bonding and antibonding electrons. A higher bond order typically indicates a stronger bond and shorter bond length.

Bond Order

Bond order is a measure of the number of chemical bonds between a pair of atoms. It is calculated as the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two. In general, a higher bond order correlates with a shorter bond length and greater bond strength, making it a critical factor in determining molecular stability.

Electron Configuration of O2, O2-, and O22-

The electron configurations of O2, O2-, and O2^2- differ due to the addition of electrons in the case of the anions. O2 has a bond order of 2, while O2- has a bond order of 1.5, and O2^2- has a bond order of 1. As bond order decreases, bond length increases, meaning O2 has the shortest bond length among these species due to its higher bond order.

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Textbook Question

According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond energy? O₂, O₂^- , O₂^2-

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Use molecular orbital theory to predict if each molecule or ion exists in a relatively stable form. a. H₂^2- b. Ne₂ c. He₂²⁺ d. F₂^2-

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Textbook Question

Draw an MO energy diagram for CO. (Use the energy ordering of O₂.) Predict the bond order and make a sketch of the lowest energy bonding molecular orbital.

Draw an energy diagram for HCl. Predict the bond order and make a sketch of the lowest energy bonding molecular orbital.

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Textbook Question

According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the highest bond order? O₂, O₂^- , O₂^2-

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According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length? O2, O2- , O22-

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Key Concepts

Molecular Orbital Theory (MO Theory)

Bond Order

Electron Configuration of O<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, and O<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup>

According to MO theory, which molecule or ion has the shortest bond length? O₂, O₂^- , O₂^2-