Divide the contents of a large bag of different-colored candies randomly and approximately equally among the members of the group. Do not pick specific candy colors, but simply empty the contents of the bag onto a table and quickly divide the pile. If you are doing this exercise by yourself, divide the contents of the bag into five piles. Tabulate the total number of candies of each color in the original bag by combining the numbers from each person. Use these numbers to determine the frequency of each color in the original bag.
Table of contents
- 1. Introduction to Genetics51m
- 2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
- 3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
- 4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
- 5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
- 6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
- 7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
- 8. DNA Replication1h 10m
- 9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
- 10. Transcription1h 0m
- 11. Translation58m
- 12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
- 13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
- 14. Genetic Control of Development44m
- 15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
- 16. Transposable Elements47m
- 17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
- 18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- 19. Cancer Genetics29m
- 20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
- 21. Population Genetics50m
- 22. Evolutionary Genetics29m
21. Population Genetics
Allelic Frequency Changes
Problem 41b
Textbook Question
Put all the candies used in Problem 40 into a single mound and then divide them into four equal piles, this time being sure that the frequency of each color is the same in each pile. Label two of these piles 'male' and the other two 'female.' Half of the group will take one male and one female pile, and the other half of the group will take the other two piles. Each half of the group will carry out its own experiments: Repeat this activity 24 more times, recording the 'genotype' each time.

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Step 1: Combine all the candies from Problem 40 into a single mound. Ensure that the total number of candies and their respective colors are accounted for accurately.
Step 2: Divide the mound into four equal piles, ensuring that the frequency of each color is the same in each pile. This step is crucial to maintain consistency in the experiment.
Step 3: Label two of the piles as 'male' and the other two as 'female.' This labeling will help distinguish the groups for the experiment.
Step 4: Split the participants into two groups. One group will take one male and one female pile, while the other group will take the remaining two piles. This ensures that both groups have equal representation of the candies.
Step 5: Each group will repeat the activity 24 times, recording the 'genotype' each time. This involves observing and documenting the combinations of candy colors in each experiment to analyze patterns or frequencies.

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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Genotype
Genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism, specifically the alleles it possesses for a particular gene. In the context of the experiment, the genotype will determine the traits expressed in the offspring, influenced by the combinations of alleles from the male and female piles. Understanding genotype is crucial for predicting the outcomes of genetic crosses and analyzing inheritance patterns.
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Mendelian Inheritance
Mendelian inheritance is the set of principles that describe how traits are passed from parents to offspring through alleles. It includes concepts such as dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. This framework is essential for interpreting the results of the experiments, as it helps predict the distribution of genotypes and phenotypes in the offspring based on the parental combinations.
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Experimental Design
Experimental design refers to the structured approach used to conduct experiments, ensuring that results are valid and reliable. In this scenario, dividing the candies into equal piles labeled 'male' and 'female' allows for controlled comparisons of genetic outcomes. A well-planned experimental design is vital for minimizing bias and accurately assessing the effects of different genotypes on the results.
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