Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

6. Chromosomal Variation

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Overview

Genetics

6. Chromosomal Variation

Chromosomal Rearrangements: Overview

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1:29 minutes

Problem 3

Textbook Question

Define these pairs of terms, and distinguish between them. aneuploidy/euploidy monosomy/trisomy Patau syndrome/Edwards syndrome autopolyploidy/allopolyploidy autotetraploid/amphidiploid paracentric inversion/pericentric inversion

Verified step by step guidance

Define aneuploidy and euploidy: Aneuploidy refers to a condition where the number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid set (e.g., 2n+1 or 2n-1). Euploidy, on the other hand, refers to a condition where the chromosome number is an exact multiple of the haploid set (e.g., 2n, 3n, 4n). Distinguish between them by noting that aneuploidy involves a deviation from the normal chromosome number, while euploidy involves a balanced increase or decrease in entire sets of chromosomes.

Define monosomy and trisomy: Monosomy is a type of aneuploidy where one chromosome is missing from the diploid set (2n-1). Trisomy is another type of aneuploidy where there is an extra chromosome in the diploid set (2n+1). Distinguish between them by noting that monosomy results in a loss of genetic material, while trisomy results in a gain of genetic material.

Define Patau syndrome and Edwards syndrome: Patau syndrome (trisomy 13) is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 13, leading to severe developmental and physical abnormalities. Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) is caused by an extra chromosome 18 and is also associated with severe developmental delays and physical abnormalities. Distinguish between them by noting the specific chromosome involved (13 for Patau and 18 for Edwards).

Define autopolyploidy and allopolyploidy: Autopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes derived from a single species (e.g., 4n from one species). Allopolyploidy occurs when an organism has multiple sets of chromosomes derived from two or more different species (e.g., hybridization followed by chromosome doubling). Distinguish between them by noting the source of the chromosome sets (single species for autopolyploidy, multiple species for allopolyploidy).

Define autotetraploid and amphidiploid: An autotetraploid is an organism with four sets of chromosomes derived from a single species (e.g., 4n from one species). An amphidiploid is a type of allopolyploid with two complete sets of chromosomes from two different species (e.g., 2n from species A and 2n from species B). Distinguish between them by noting that autotetraploids arise from chromosome duplication within one species, while amphidiploids result from hybridization between two species.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Aneuploidy vs. Euploidy

Aneuploidy refers to an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, resulting from nondisjunction during meiosis or mitosis, leading to conditions like Down syndrome. In contrast, euploidy is the normal state of having a complete set of chromosomes, which can be haploid (one set) or diploid (two sets), and is essential for normal development and function.

Monosomy vs. Trisomy

Monosomy is a type of aneuploidy where one chromosome from a pair is missing, resulting in a total of 45 chromosomes, as seen in Turner syndrome. Trisomy, on the other hand, occurs when there is an extra chromosome in a pair, leading to 47 chromosomes, exemplified by conditions like Down syndrome (Trisomy 21).

Autopolyploidy vs. Allopolyploidy

Autopolyploidy is the condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes derived from a single species, often resulting from errors in meiosis. Allopolyploidy involves the combination of chromosome sets from different species, leading to hybrid organisms that can be fertile, such as many cultivated plants, which can enhance genetic diversity.

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