Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

15. Genomes and Genomics

Proteomics

Genetics

15. Genomes and Genomics

Proteomics

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1:38 minutes

Problem 1d

Textbook Question

How can proteomics identify differences between the number of protein-coding genes predicted for a genome and the number of proteins expressed by a genome?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of proteomics: Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, including their structures, functions, and expressions. It helps identify the proteins expressed by a genome and compare them to the predicted protein-coding genes.

Recognize the role of alternative splicing: Alternative splicing allows a single gene to produce multiple protein variants. This can lead to a discrepancy between the number of protein-coding genes and the number of proteins expressed.

Consider post-translational modifications: Proteins can undergo modifications after translation, such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, or acetylation. These modifications can create functional diversity, increasing the number of expressed proteins beyond the predicted genes.

Analyze experimental techniques: Techniques like mass spectrometry and protein microarrays are used in proteomics to identify and quantify proteins. These methods help detect proteins that may not be predicted by genome analysis alone.

Evaluate non-coding regions and regulatory elements: Some proteins may arise from non-coding regions or regulatory sequences that were not initially identified as protein-coding genes, contributing to the observed differences.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Proteomics

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their functions and structures. It involves analyzing the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome under specific conditions, allowing researchers to identify and quantify proteins, understand their interactions, and determine their roles in biological processes. This field is crucial for understanding how genetic information is translated into functional molecules.

Gene Expression

Gene expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product, typically proteins. Not all protein-coding genes are expressed at all times or in all tissues, leading to discrepancies between the number of predicted genes and the actual proteins produced. This concept is essential for understanding how variations in gene expression can result in different protein levels.

Post-Translational Modifications

Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are chemical modifications that occur to proteins after their synthesis, affecting their function, localization, and stability. These modifications can lead to the production of multiple protein variants from a single gene, further complicating the relationship between gene count and protein expression. Understanding PTMs is vital for interpreting proteomic data and the functional diversity of proteins.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

An interactive Web site for the Human Proteome Map (HPM) is available at http://www.humanproteomemap.org. Visit this site, and then answer the question.

How many proteins were identified in this project?

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Textbook Question

Genomic sequencing has opened the door to numerous studies that help us understand the evolutionary forces shaping the genetic makeup of organisms. Using databases containing the sequences of 25 genomes, scientists examined the relationship between GC content and global amino acid composition [Kreil, D. P., and Ouzounis, C. A. (2001) Nucl. Acids Res. 29:1608–1615]. They found that it is possible to identify thermophilic species on the basis of their amino acid composition alone, which suggests that evolution in a hot environment selects for a certain whole organism amino acid composition. In what way might evolution in extreme environments influence genome and amino acid composition? How might evolution in extreme environments influence the interpretation of genome sequence data?

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Multiple Choice

SDS-PAGE is a method used to separate proteins by which of the following characteristics?

Which of the following methods would be best to identify an amino acid sequence of a protein?

How do high-throughput techniques such as computer-automated, next-generation sequencing, and mass spectrometry facilitate research in genomics and proteomics? Explain.

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Textbook Question

Based on the tree of life in the following figure (Figure 16.12), would you expect human proteins to be more similar to fungal proteins or to plant proteins? Would you expect plant proteins to be more similar to fungal proteins or to human proteins?

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Textbook Question

The CBF genes of Arabidopsis are induced by exposure of the plants to low temperature. Can you design a method that would reveal these changes in gene expression in a way that a farmer could recognize them by observing plants growing in the field?

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Textbook Question

The CBF genes of Arabidopsis are induced by exposure of the plants to low temperature. How would you examine the temporal and spatial patterns of expression after induction by low temperature?

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