In the context of a monohybrid cross, what is a 'breed' most accurately defined as?

A cross between a spicy variety of Capsicum annum pepper and a sweet (nonspicy) variety produces F₁ progeny plants that all have spicy peppers. The F₁ are crossed, and among the F₂ plants are 56 that produce spicy peppers and 20 that produce sweet peppers. Dr. Ara B. Dopsis, an expert on pepper plants, discovers a gene he designates Pun1 that he believes is responsible for spicy versus sweet flavor of peppers. Dr. Dopsis proposes that a dominant allele P produces spicy peppers and that a recessive mutant allele p results in sweet peppers.

Assuming the proposal is correct, what proportion of the spicy F₂ pepper plants do you expect will be pure-breeding? Explain your answer.

A cross between a spicy variety of Capsicum annum pepper and a sweet (nonspicy) variety produces F₁ progeny plants that all have spicy peppers. The F₁ are crossed, and among the F₂ plants are 56 that produce spicy peppers and 20 that produce sweet peppers. Dr. Ara B. Dopsis, an expert on pepper plants, discovers a gene he designates Pun1 that he believes is responsible for spicy versus sweet flavor of peppers. Dr. Dopsis proposes that a dominant allele P produces spicy peppers and that a recessive mutant allele p results in sweet peppers.

Are the data on the parental cross and the F₁ and F₂ consistent with the proposal made by Dr. Dopsis? Explain why or why not, using P and p to indicate probable genotypes of pepper plants.

A pure-breeding fruit fly with the recessive mutation cut wing, caused by the homozygous cc genotype, is crossed to a pure-breeding fly with normal wings, genotype CC. Their F₁ progeny all have normal wings. F₁ flies are crossed, and the F₂ progeny have a 3:1 ratio of normal wing to cut wing. One male F₂ fly with normal wings is selected at random and mated to an F₂ female with normal wings. Using all possible genotypes of the F₂ flies selected for this cross, list all possible crosses between the two flies involved in this mating, and determine the probability of each possible outcome.