Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Mendelian Genetics
Mendelian genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through generations, based on the principles established by Gregor Mendel. It involves understanding dominant and recessive alleles, where dominant traits mask the expression of recessive ones. In this case, yellow seeds (Y) are dominant over green seeds (y), and round seeds (R) are dominant over wrinkled seeds (r).
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Punnett Square
A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotypic and phenotypic outcomes of a genetic cross. By organizing the alleles from each parent, it allows for the visualization of potential combinations in the offspring. For the given cross, the Punnett square will help determine the expected ratios of yellow, green, round, and wrinkled seeds in the F₂ generation.
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Phenotypic Ratio
The phenotypic ratio refers to the relative frequency of different phenotypes in the offspring resulting from a genetic cross. In this scenario, the expected phenotypic ratio among the F₂ progeny can be derived from the combinations of alleles produced in the Punnett square. For a dihybrid cross like this, the typical ratio is 9:3:3:1 for the four possible phenotypes.
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