Textbook Question
Identify the amino acid carried by tRNAs with the following anticodon sequences.
5′-AUG-3′
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11. Translation
Transfer RNA
0:54 minutesProblem 8
Textbook Question
Summarize the steps involved in charging tRNAs with their appropriate amino acids.
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Identify the enzyme responsible for charging tRNAs: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Each amino acid has a specific synthetase enzyme that recognizes both the amino acid and its corresponding tRNA.
Activate the amino acid: The amino acid reacts with ATP to form an aminoacyl-AMP intermediate, releasing pyrophosphate (PPi) as a byproduct. This activation step provides the energy needed for the next step.
Recognize the correct tRNA: The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase binds to the specific tRNA that matches the amino acid. This recognition is based on the anticodon sequence of the tRNA and other structural features.
Transfer the amino acid to the tRNA: The activated amino acid (aminoacyl-AMP) is transferred to the 3' end of the tRNA, specifically to the hydroxyl group of the terminal adenosine at the CCA tail. This forms an aminoacyl-tRNA.
Release the charged tRNA: The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase releases the charged tRNA, which is now ready to participate in translation by delivering the correct amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that play a crucial role in protein synthesis by attaching the correct amino acid to its corresponding tRNA molecule. Each synthetase is specific to one amino acid and its associated tRNAs, ensuring that the genetic code is accurately translated into proteins.
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tRNA Structure and Function
Transfer RNA (tRNA) is a small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor between the mRNA codon and the corresponding amino acid during protein synthesis. Each tRNA has a specific anticodon that pairs with the mRNA codon, and a site for the attachment of its designated amino acid, facilitating the translation process.
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Charging Process
The charging process, or aminoacylation, involves two main steps: first, the amino acid is activated by ATP to form an aminoacyl-AMP complex, and then the amino acid is transferred to the tRNA, forming aminoacyl-tRNA. This process is essential for ensuring that the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
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