Table of contents

1. Introduction to Genetics51m
2. Mendel's Laws of Inheritance3h 37m
3. Extensions to Mendelian Inheritance2h 41m
4. Genetic Mapping and Linkage2h 28m
5. Genetics of Bacteria and Viruses1h 21m
6. Chromosomal Variation1h 48m
7. DNA and Chromosome Structure56m
8. DNA Replication1h 10m
9. Mitosis and Meiosis1h 34m
10. Transcription1h 0m
11. Translation58m
12. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes1h 19m
13. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes44m
14. Genetic Control of Development44m
15. Genomes and Genomics1h 50m
16. Transposable Elements47m
17. Mutation, Repair, and Recombination1h 6m
18. Molecular Genetic Tools19m
- Genetic Cloning
  9m
- Methods for Analyzing DNA
  9m
19. Cancer Genetics29m
- Overview of Cancer
  21m
- Cancer Mutations
  7m
20. Quantitative Genetics1h 26m
21. Population Genetics50m
- Hardy Weinberg
  19m
- Allelic Frequency Changes
  31m
22. Evolutionary Genetics29m

7. DNA and Chromosome Structure

DNA Structure

Genetics

7. DNA and Chromosome Structure

DNA Structure

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2:29 minutes

Problem 16d

Textbook Question

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?
(A)/(C)=(G)/(T)

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the structure of double-stranded DNA: DNA is composed of two complementary strands, where adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G). This pairing is governed by Chargaff's rules.

Recall Chargaff's rules: In double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to the amount of guanine (G). Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

A = T

and

C = G

Analyze the given equation: The equation provided is

\frac{A}{C} = \frac{G}{T}

. To determine if this equation is true, consider the relationships between the nucleotide pairs.

Apply Chargaff's rules to the equation: Since

A = T

and

C = G

, the ratios

\frac{A}{C}

and

\frac{G}{T}

are not necessarily equal because the numerator and denominator in each fraction represent different nucleotide pairs.

Conclude based on the analysis: The equation

\frac{A}{C} = \frac{G}{T}

does not align with Chargaff's rules, as the ratios of different nucleotide pairs are not inherently equal in double-stranded DNA.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Chargaff's Rules

Chargaff's Rules state that in double-stranded DNA, the amount of adenine (A) is equal to thymine (T), and the amount of cytosine (C) is equal to guanine (G). This means that A pairs with T and C pairs with G, leading to the conclusion that the ratios of these nucleotides are equal in a double helix structure.

Base Pairing

Base pairing refers to the specific hydrogen bonding between nucleotides in DNA. Adenine pairs with thymine through two hydrogen bonds, while cytosine pairs with guanine through three hydrogen bonds. This complementary pairing is crucial for the stability of the DNA structure and for accurate DNA replication.

Nucleotide Composition

The nucleotide composition of DNA refers to the relative amounts of the four nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. In double-stranded DNA, the total percentage of A and T will equal the total percentage of C and G, which is essential for understanding the relationships and ratios among these nucleotides in the context of the question.

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Textbook Question

Human adult hemoglobin is a tetramer containing two alpha (α) and two beta (β) polypeptide chains. The α gene cluster on chromosome 16 and the β gene cluster on chromosome 11 share amino acid similarities such that 61 of the amino acids of the α-globin polypeptide (141 amino acids long) are shared in identical sequence with the β-globin polypeptide (146 amino acids long). How might one explain the existence of two polypeptides with partially shared function and structure on two different chromosomes?

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Textbook Question

Adenine may also be named 6-amino purine. How would you name the other four nitrogenous bases, using this alternative system? (O is indicated by 'oxy-,' and CH₃ by 'methyl.')

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Textbook Question

Draw the chemical structure of a dinucleotide composed of A and G. Opposite this structure, draw the dinucleotide composed of T and C in an antiparallel (or upside-down) fashion. Form the possible hydrogen bonds.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?

(A)/(G)=(T)(C)

423

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Textbook Question

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?

(A)/(T)=(G)/(C)

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Textbook Question

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?

(A+T)/(G+C)=1.0

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Textbook Question

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?

(A+G)/(C+T)=1.0

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Textbook Question

What might Watson and Crick have concluded had Chargaff's data from a single source indicated the following?

Why would this conclusion be contradictory to Wilkins's and Franklin's data?

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Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?(A)/(C)=(G)/(T)

Key Concepts

Chargaff's Rules

Base Pairing

Nucleotide Composition

Watch next

Which of the following equations are true for the percentages of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA?
(A)/(C)=(G)/(T)