Textbook Question
When comparing genes from two sequenced genomes, how does one determine whether two genes are orthologous? What pitfalls arise when one or both of the genomes are not sequenced?
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15. Genomes and Genomics
Sequencing the Genome
0:31 minutesProblem 26
Textbook Question
Recall that when the HGP was completed, more than 40 percent of the genes identified had unknown functions. The PANTHER database provides access to comprehensive and current functional assignments for human genes (and genes from other species).
Go to http://www.pantherdb.org/data/. In the frame on the left side of the screen locate the 'Quick links' and use the 'Whole genome function views' link to a view of a pie chart of current functional classes for human genes. Mouse over the pie chart to answer these questions. What percentage of human genes encode transcription factors? Cytoskeletal proteins? Transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor proteins?
Verified step by step guidance1
Navigate to the PANTHER database website at http://www.pantherdb.org/data/.
Locate the 'Quick links' section in the frame on the left side of the screen.
Click on the 'Whole genome function views' link to access the pie chart of functional classes for human genes.
Mouse over the pie chart to view the percentage of human genes associated with each functional class, including transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins, and transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor proteins.
Record the percentages displayed for transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins, and transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor proteins based on the information provided in the pie chart.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Human Genome Project (HGP)
The Human Genome Project was an international research initiative aimed at mapping and understanding all the genes of the human species. Completed in 2003, it identified over 20,000 human genes, but notably, more than 40% of these genes had unknown functions at the time. This project laid the groundwork for modern genetics, enabling further research into gene functions and their implications in health and disease.
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Gene Function Classification
Gene function classification involves categorizing genes based on their roles in biological processes. Databases like PANTHER provide functional annotations that help researchers understand the specific activities of genes, such as encoding proteins involved in transcription, signaling, or structural functions. This classification is crucial for interpreting genetic data and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying various biological phenomena.
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Transcription Factors and Protein Classes
Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to regulate gene expression, playing a vital role in cellular processes such as development and response to environmental signals. Other protein classes, such as cytoskeletal proteins and transmembrane receptor regulatory/adaptor proteins, serve distinct functions in maintaining cell structure and facilitating communication between cells. Understanding the distribution of these proteins among human genes is essential for grasping the complexity of cellular functions.
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