Textbook Question
What experimentally derived information led to Holley's proposal of the two-dimensional cloverleaf model of tRNA?
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Ch. 13 - Translation and Proteins
Klug10th EditionEssentials of GeneticsISBN: 9780135588789
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Table of contents
- Ch. 1 - Introduction to Genetics16
- Ch. 2 - Mitosis and Meiosis28
- Ch. 3 - Mendelian Genetics37
- Ch. 4 - Modification of Mendelian Ratios53
- Ch. 5 - Sex Determination and Sex Chromosomes32
- Ch. 6 - Chromosome Mutations: Variation in Number and Arrangement37
- Ch. 7 - Linkage and Chromosome Mapping in Eukaryotes36
- Ch. 8 - Genetic Analysis and Mapping in Bacteria and Bacteriophages24
- Ch. 9 - DNA Structure and Analysis38
- Ch. 10 - DNA Replication29
- Ch. 11 - Chromosome Structure and DNA Sequence Organization22
- Ch. 12 - The Genetic Code and Transcription36
- Ch. 13 - Translation and Proteins27
- Ch. 14 - Gene Mutation, DNA Repair, and Transposition34
- Ch. 15 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Bacteria22
- Ch. 16 - Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes37
- Ch. 17 - Recombinant DNA Technology27
- Ch. 18 - Genomics, Bioinformatics, and Proteomics30
- Ch. 19 - The Genetics of Cancer21
- Ch. 20 - Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits37
- Ch. 21 - Population and Evolutionary Genetics45
Chapter 13, Problem 1d
On what basis have we concluded that proteins are the end products of genetic expression?
Verified step by step guidance1
Understand that genetic expression refers to the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize a functional product, typically a protein.
Recall that experiments such as those by Beadle and Tatum showed that mutations in specific genes led to defects in specific enzymes, suggesting a direct link between genes and proteins ("one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis).
Consider the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein, indicating proteins are the final products of gene expression.
Recognize that proteins perform most cellular functions and that changes in proteins correspond to changes in phenotype, reinforcing the idea that proteins are the functional end products.
Summarize that the conclusion is based on experimental evidence linking genes to enzymes/proteins, the molecular pathway of gene expression, and the functional role of proteins in cells.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The central dogma describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. It explains that genes encoded in DNA are transcribed into messenger RNA, which is then translated into proteins, establishing proteins as the final functional products of gene expression.
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Role of Proteins in Cellular Function
Proteins perform most cellular functions, including enzymatic activity, structural support, and signaling. Since genes code for proteins that determine phenotype, the presence and function of proteins confirm that they are the end products of genetic information.
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Experimental Evidence Linking Genes to Proteins
Experiments such as the one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis and studies on mutations show that changes in genes affect specific proteins and their functions. This evidence supports the conclusion that proteins are the direct products of gene expression.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What experimental information verifies that certain codons in mRNA specify chain termination during translation?
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Textbook Question
How do we know, based on studies of Neurospora nutritional mutations, that one gene specifies one enzyme?
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Textbook Question
Write a short essay that discusses the role of ribosomes in the process of translation as it relates to these concepts.
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Textbook Question
Contrast the roles of tRNA and mRNA during translation, and list all enzymes that participate in the transcription and translation process.
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