Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

10. Acids and Bases

Gas Evolution Equations (Simplified)

GOB Chemistry

10. Acids and Bases

Gas Evolution Equations (Simplified)

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1:51 minutes

Problem 79a

Textbook Question

Sometimes, during stress or trauma, a person can start to hyperventilate. Then the person might breathe into a paper bag to avoid fainting.
a. What changes occur in the blood pH during hyperventilation?
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Verified step by step guidance

Hyperventilation causes a person to breathe rapidly and deeply, which leads to excessive exhalation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the lungs.

The decrease in CO₂ levels in the blood reduces the concentration of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), as CO₂ reacts with water in the blood to form carbonic acid: CO₂ + H₂O ⇌ H₂CO₃.

With less carbonic acid present, the equilibrium shifts, leading to a decrease in hydrogen ion (H⁺) concentration in the blood: H₂CO₃ ⇌ H⁺ + HCO₃⁻.

A decrease in hydrogen ion concentration causes the blood pH to increase, making the blood more alkaline (a condition known as respiratory alkalosis).

In summary, during hyperventilation, the blood pH increases (becomes more basic) due to the excessive loss of CO₂ and the resulting decrease in hydrogen ion concentration.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation is a condition characterized by rapid or deep breathing that exceeds the body's need for oxygen. This leads to an excessive expulsion of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream, which can result in a decrease in the concentration of CO2 in the blood, causing respiratory alkalosis.

Blood pH and Acid-Base Balance

Blood pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of the blood, typically maintained within a narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. During hyperventilation, the reduction in CO2 levels leads to a rise in blood pH, making the blood more alkaline. This shift can disrupt the body's acid-base balance and may lead to symptoms such as dizziness or fainting.

Rebreathing Techniques

Rebreathing techniques, such as breathing into a paper bag, are used to counteract the effects of hyperventilation. This method helps to increase the levels of CO2 in the blood by allowing the person to inhale the CO2 they exhale, which can help restore normal blood pH levels and alleviate symptoms associated with hyperventilation.

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