Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Electron Transport Chain

GOB Chemistry

21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy

Electron Transport Chain

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4:24 minutes

Problem 65

Textbook Question

What atom in the cytochromes undergoes oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain? What atoms in coenzyme Q undergo oxidation and reduction in the electron-transport chain?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the role of cytochromes in the electron-transport chain: Cytochromes are proteins that contain a heme group, which is responsible for their ability to undergo oxidation and reduction. The heme group contains an iron (Fe) atom that alternates between two oxidation states: Fe²⁺ (reduced) and Fe³⁺ (oxidized).

Identify the atom in cytochromes that undergoes oxidation and reduction: The iron (Fe) atom in the heme group of cytochromes is the one that undergoes these redox changes as it accepts and donates electrons during the electron-transport chain.

Understand the role of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) in the electron-transport chain: Coenzyme Q is a lipid-soluble molecule that shuttles electrons between complexes in the electron-transport chain. It undergoes redox reactions as it transitions between its oxidized form (ubiquinone, Q) and its reduced forms (ubiquinol, QH₂).

Identify the atoms in coenzyme Q involved in redox reactions: The redox activity of coenzyme Q occurs at the oxygen atoms in its quinone group. During reduction, these oxygen atoms gain electrons and protons, converting the quinone group into a hydroquinone group.

Summarize the key atoms involved: In cytochromes, the iron (Fe) atom in the heme group undergoes oxidation and reduction. In coenzyme Q, the oxygen atoms in the quinone group are involved in the redox reactions as they transition between oxidized and reduced states.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Cytochromes

Cytochromes are heme-containing proteins that play a crucial role in the electron transport chain (ETC) within mitochondria. They facilitate the transfer of electrons through a series of redox reactions, where the iron atom in the heme group undergoes oxidation and reduction. This process is essential for the generation of ATP, as it helps to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial membrane.

Coenzyme Q (Ubiquinone)

Coenzyme Q, also known as ubiquinone, is a lipid-soluble molecule that acts as an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It can undergo both oxidation and reduction, specifically by accepting electrons from various sources, including cytochromes and other electron donors. This ability to shuttle electrons between different complexes in the ETC is vital for efficient energy production in aerobic respiration.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes and other molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that facilitate the transfer of electrons derived from nutrients. As electrons move through the chain, they release energy used to pump protons across the membrane, creating a proton gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase, making the ETC a central component of cellular respiration and energy metabolism.

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