Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

9. Solutions

Solubility and Intermolecular Forces

GOB Chemistry

9. Solutions

Solubility and Intermolecular Forces

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4:11 minutes

Problem 77b

Textbook Question

Match the diagrams with the following:
b. a nonpolar solute and a polar solvent
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Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Begin by understanding the concept of polarity. Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of electron density, resulting in partial positive and negative charges. Nonpolar molecules have an even distribution of electron density and do not have partial charges.

Step 2: Recall the principle 'like dissolves like.' Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes, and nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar solutes. When a nonpolar solute is introduced into a polar solvent, they do not mix well due to the lack of attraction between the molecules.

Step 3: Analyze the diagram provided. The green spheres represent the nonpolar solute, and the blue region represents the polar solvent. Notice that the nonpolar solute forms a separate layer above the polar solvent, indicating immiscibility.

Step 4: Relate the observation to the concept of solubility. The nonpolar solute does not dissolve in the polar solvent because there are no favorable interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole interactions) between the molecules.

Step 5: Conclude that the diagram matches the description of a nonpolar solute and a polar solvent, as evidenced by the distinct separation of the two substances in the image.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Polarity

Polarity refers to the distribution of electrical charge around atoms, molecules, or chemical groups. In chemistry, polar molecules have a significant difference in electronegativity between atoms, leading to a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other. This property affects how substances interact, particularly in solubility, where polar solvents tend to dissolve polar solutes, while nonpolar solutes do not mix well with polar solvents.

Solubility

Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. The principle of 'like dissolves like' is crucial here; polar solutes are soluble in polar solvents, while nonpolar solutes are soluble in nonpolar solvents. Understanding solubility is essential for predicting how substances will behave in mixtures, which is particularly relevant in fields like chemistry and biology.

Nonpolar Solutes

Nonpolar solutes are substances that do not have a significant charge separation, meaning they do not interact favorably with polar solvents. Examples include oils and fats, which consist of long hydrocarbon chains. When mixed with polar solvents like water, nonpolar solutes tend to separate rather than dissolve, leading to distinct layers, as illustrated in the provided diagram.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following pairs of substances would you expect to form solutions?

a. CCl₄ and water

b. Benzene (C₆H₆) and MgSO₄

c. Hexane (C₆H₁₄) and heptane (C₇H₁₆)

d. Ethyl alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and heptanol (C₇H₁₅OH)

Textbook Question

Describe the formation of an aqueous KI solution, when solid KI dissolves in water.

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Textbook Question

Water is a polar solvent and carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) is a nonpolar solvent. In which solvent is each of the following, which is found or used in the body, more likely to be soluble?

d. cholesterol (lipid), nonpolar

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Textbook Question

Why does water not dissolve motor oil?

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Textbook Question

Match the diagrams (1 or 2) with the following: (9.1)

b. a nonpolar solute and a polar solvent

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