Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

2. Atoms and the Periodic Table

Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

GOB Chemistry

2. Atoms and the Periodic Table

Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment

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5:13 minutes

Problem 78c

Textbook Question

Use Rutherford's gold-foil experiment to answer each of the following:
c. How did he use the results to propose a model of the atom?

Verified step by step guidance

Rutherford's gold-foil experiment involved directing a beam of alpha particles (positively charged particles) at a very thin sheet of gold foil and observing their scattering patterns.

He observed that most of the alpha particles passed straight through the foil with little to no deflection, indicating that atoms are mostly empty space.

A small fraction of the alpha particles were deflected at large angles, and an even smaller number bounced back toward the source, suggesting the presence of a dense, positively charged region within the atom.

Based on these observations, Rutherford proposed a nuclear model of the atom, where the atom consists of a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the center, surrounded by electrons in the empty space around it.

This model replaced the earlier 'plum pudding' model, which suggested that positive charge was spread out evenly throughout the atom, and provided a foundation for modern atomic theory.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Rutherford's Gold-Foil Experiment

Rutherford's gold-foil experiment, conducted in 1909, involved firing alpha particles at a thin sheet of gold. Most particles passed through, but some were deflected at large angles, indicating that the atom is mostly empty space with a small, dense nucleus. This unexpected result challenged the existing plum pudding model of the atom and laid the groundwork for the nuclear model.

Nuclear Model of the Atom

The nuclear model of the atom, proposed by Rutherford, suggests that an atom consists of a small, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. This model replaced the earlier plum pudding model and introduced the concept of a central nucleus, which contains most of the atom's mass, while the electrons orbit around it, similar to planets around the sun.

Deflection of Alpha Particles

The deflection of alpha particles in Rutherford's experiment was crucial for understanding atomic structure. The significant deflections indicated that the nucleus must be positively charged and very small compared to the overall size of the atom. This observation led to the conclusion that the nucleus is responsible for the majority of an atom's mass and positive charge, fundamentally altering the understanding of atomic structure.

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