Table of contents

1. Matter and Measurements4h 31m
2. Atoms and the Periodic Table5h 23m
3. Ionic Compounds2h 18m
4. Molecular Compounds2h 18m
5. Classification & Balancing of Chemical Reactions3h 17m
6. Chemical Reactions & Quantities2h 27m
7. Energy, Rate and Equilibrium3h 46m
8. Gases, Liquids and Solids3h 25m
9. Solutions4h 10m
10. Acids and Bases3h 29m
11. Nuclear Chemistry56m
BONUS: Lab Techniques and Procedures1h 38m
BONUS: Mathematical Operations and Functions47m
12. Introduction to Organic Chemistry1h 34m
13. Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds2h 12m
14. Compounds with Oxygen or Sulfur1h 6m
15. Aldehydes and Ketones1h 1m
16. Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives1h 11m
17. Amines39m
18. Amino Acids and Proteins1h 51m
19. Enzymes1h 37m
20. Carbohydrates1h 41m
21. The Generation of Biochemical Energy2h 8m
22. Carbohydrate Metabolism2h 22m
23. Lipids2h 26m
24. Lipid Metabolism1h 45m
25. Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism1h 37m
26. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis2h 54m

20. Carbohydrates

Enantiomers vs Diastereomers

GOB Chemistry

20. Carbohydrates

Enantiomers vs Diastereomers

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2:44 minutes

Problem 40

Textbook Question

Only three stereoisomers are possible for 2,3-dibromo-2, 3-dichlorobutane. Draw them, indicating which pair are enantiomers (optical isomers). Why does the other isomer not have an enantiomer?

Verified step by step guidance

Step 1: Understand the structure of 2,3-dibromo-2,3-dichlorobutane. The molecule has a butane backbone with bromine (Br) and chlorine (Cl) atoms attached to the second and third carbon atoms. These carbons are chiral centers because they are bonded to four different groups.

Step 2: Draw the possible stereoisomers. Since there are two chiral centers, each can have two configurations (R or S). This gives a maximum of 2^2 = 4 stereoisomers. However, due to symmetry in the molecule, only three unique stereoisomers exist.

Step 3: Identify the enantiomers. Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. Draw the pair of stereoisomers where the configurations of the two chiral centers are opposite (e.g., (R,R) and (S,S)). These are the enantiomers.

Step 4: Identify the meso compound. The third stereoisomer is a meso compound, which has an internal plane of symmetry. This symmetry makes it superimposable on its mirror image, meaning it does not have an enantiomer.

Step 5: Explain why the meso compound lacks an enantiomer. The internal symmetry of the meso compound cancels out optical activity, making it achiral. As a result, it is identical to its mirror image and does not have a distinct enantiomer.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Stereoisomers

Stereoisomers are compounds that have the same molecular formula and connectivity of atoms but differ in the spatial arrangement of those atoms. This category includes enantiomers, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other, and diastereomers, which are not mirror images. Understanding stereoisomers is crucial for analyzing the optical activity and reactivity of compounds.

Enantiomers

Enantiomers are a specific type of stereoisomer that are mirror images of each other and cannot be superimposed. They typically arise in chiral molecules, which have at least one carbon atom bonded to four different substituents. Enantiomers often exhibit different optical activities, meaning they rotate plane-polarized light in opposite directions, which is significant in fields like pharmaceuticals.

Chirality

Chirality refers to the geometric property of a molecule that makes it non-superimposable on its mirror image, akin to how left and right hands are mirror images but not identical. A chiral center, usually a carbon atom with four different substituents, is essential for the formation of enantiomers. In the case of 2,3-dibromo-2,3-dichlorobutane, the presence of two chiral centers leads to the formation of stereoisomers, but not all configurations will yield enantiomers.

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