Textbook Question
What metabolic substrate(s) are produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?
c. tyrosine
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Ch.18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production
Timberlake14thChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9781292472249
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Table of contents
- Ch.1 Chemistry in Our Lives19
- Ch.2 Chemistry and Measurements80
- Ch.3 Matter and Energy53
- Ch.4 Atoms and Elements58
- Ch.5 Nuclear Chemistry42
- Ch.6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds57
- Ch.7 Chemical Quantities and Reactions38
- Ch.8 Gases30
- Ch.9 Solutions50
- Ch.10 Acids and Bases and Equilibrium64
- Ch.11 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons77
- Ch.12 Alcohols, Thiols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones82
- Ch.13 Carbohydrates54
- Ch.14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides91
- Ch.15 Lipids61
- Ch.16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes84
- Ch.17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis86
- Ch.18 Metabolic Pathways and ATP Production73
Timberlake14thChemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological ChemistryISBN: 9781292472249Not the one you use?Change textbook
Chapter 18, Problem 74c
Arachidic acid is a C20 fatty acid found in peanut and fish oils.
c. Calculate the total ATP yield from the complete β oxidation of arachidic acid by completing the following:
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the structure of arachidic acid. Arachidic acid is a saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula C₂₀H₄₀O₂. This means it has 20 carbon atoms in its chain, and no double bonds.
Step 2: Determine the number of β-oxidation cycles. Each β-oxidation cycle shortens the fatty acid chain by 2 carbons, producing 1 acetyl-CoA molecule. For a 20-carbon fatty acid, the number of β-oxidation cycles is (20/2) - 1 = 9 cycles.
Step 3: Calculate the ATP yield from β-oxidation. Each β-oxidation cycle produces 1 FADH₂ and 1 NADH. Using the ATP equivalents (1 FADH₂ = 1.5 ATP, 1 NADH = 2.5 ATP), calculate the ATP yield from the 9 cycles: (9 × 1.5 ATP) + (9 × 2.5 ATP).
Step 4: Calculate the ATP yield from acetyl-CoA. Each acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle, producing 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, and 1 GTP (equivalent to 1 ATP). For 10 acetyl-CoA molecules (from 20 carbons), calculate the total ATP yield: (10 × 3 × 2.5 ATP) + (10 × 1 × 1.5 ATP) + (10 × 1 ATP).
Step 5: Subtract the ATP cost for activation. The activation of the fatty acid to form fatty acyl-CoA requires 2 ATP. Subtract this value from the total ATP yield calculated in the previous steps to determine the net ATP yield.
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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Beta-Oxidation
Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA, NADH, and FADH2. Each cycle of beta-oxidation shortens the fatty acid chain by two carbon atoms, producing energy carriers that enter the citric acid cycle for ATP production. Understanding this process is crucial for calculating the total ATP yield from fatty acids like arachidic acid.
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Characteristics of Beta Particles
ATP Yield Calculation
The ATP yield from fatty acid oxidation is calculated by considering the number of acetyl-CoA molecules produced and the energy carriers generated. Each acetyl-CoA can produce 10 ATP through the citric acid cycle, while NADH and FADH2 contribute additional ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Knowing how to convert these energy carriers into ATP is essential for determining the total yield from arachidic acid.
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Fatty Acid Structure
Arachidic acid, a saturated fatty acid with 20 carbon atoms, has a specific structure that influences its metabolic breakdown. The length and saturation of the fatty acid chain affect the number of beta-oxidation cycles required and the total ATP yield. Understanding the structural characteristics of fatty acids is important for predicting their behavior during metabolism.
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Related Practice
Textbook Question
What metabolic substrate(s) are produced from the carbon atoms of each of the following amino acids?
b. asparagine
584
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Textbook Question
Arachidic acid is a C20 fatty acid found in peanut and fish oils.
a. How many cycles of β oxidation are needed for the complete oxidation of arachidic acid?
876
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Textbook Question
Identify the type of food as carbohydrate, fat, or protein that gives each of the following digestion products:
d. glycerol
558
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Textbook Question
Identify the type of food as carbohydrate, fat, or protein that gives each of the following digestion products:
e. amino acids
590
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Textbook Question
Identify each of the following as a six-carbon or a three-carbon compound and arrange them in the order in which they occur in glycolysis:
a. 3-phosphoglycerate
712
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