Indicate the true statements and then correct the false statements so that they are true.
a. HIV is transmitted by a parenteral route.
b. Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause disease in an immune-competent host if the normal microbiota are disrupted.
c. Gram-positive bacteria may produce endotoxin.
d. Siderophores help pathogens obtain calcium.
e. Emerging pathogens tend to exhibit expanded tropism.
f. The more toxic a substance is, the higher its LD₅₀.
g. Virulence is the ability of a microbe to cause disease.
h. Gram-negative bacteria may produce exotoxins.

Subcutaneous infections tend to be acquired through ________.

a. inhalation and remain localized

b. inhalation and become systemic

c. trauma and remain localized

d. trauma and become systemic

Label the successive stages of skin lesions as exemplified by smallpox.

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or phrase to make the statement true.

_____ Relapse of fungal diseases is common in AIDS patients.

Tapeworms are generally transmitted via ______.

a. consumption of an intermediate host

b. consumption of the definitive host

c. vectors such as mosquitoes

d. consumption of adult tapeworms

Times and dates of Bob's symptoms of disease: 

• January 7th:Bob is scratched and bitten by a stray dog.    
• January 9th:The stray dog is found dead. Animal control finds that the dog has Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague). 
• January 10th:Bob has fever, chills, and vomiting. 
• January 11th:Bob is hospitalized with diarrhea & has swollen lymph nodes. 
  • Doctors find Bob is infected with Yersinia pestis and give him antibiotics. 
• January 21st:Bob's vitals return to normal and he is released from the hospital. 

Identify the incubation period for Bob's case of the bubonic plague:

Times and dates of Bob's symptoms of disease: 

• January 7th:Bob is scratched and bitten by a stray dog.    
• January 9th:The stray dog is found dead. Animal control finds that the dog has Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague). 
• January 10th:Bob has fever, chills, and vomiting. 
• January 11th:Bob is hospitalized with diarrhea & has swollen lymph nodes. 
  • Doctors find Bob is infected with Yersinia pestis and give him antibiotics. 
• January 21st:Bob's vitals return to normal and he is released from the hospital. 

Identify the prodromal period for Bob's case of the bubonic plague:

Most individuals become infected with varicella zoster virus (VZV) during childhood which results in a disease commonly known as chicken pox. After the individual recovers from chicken pox the virus remains dormant in their body. This virus will commonly re-emerge when the individual reaches an advanced age and cause a disease commonly known as shingles. The shingles disease is what stage in the disease progression of the varicella zoster virus?