Textbook Question
Arboviruses are ___________.
a. zoonotic pathogens
b. deactivated viruses used in vaccines
c. viruses that are transmitted to humans via the bite of an arthropod
d. found in arbors
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18. Viruses, Viroids, & Prions
Introduction to Viruses
1:55 minutesProblem 8
Textbook Question
Polio and smallpox have been eliminated as natural threats to human health in the United States. (Some risk from bioterrorism remains.) You have considered the features of these diseases that allowed them to be eliminated. From your studies of other viruses, what other viral diseases are candidates for elimination? Why hasn’t AIDS been eliminated?
Verified step by step guidance1
Identify the key features that allowed polio and smallpox to be eliminated, such as having no non-human reservoirs, effective vaccines, and clear symptoms that facilitate diagnosis and containment.
Apply these criteria to other viral diseases to determine which are candidates for elimination. For example, diseases with effective vaccines, no animal reservoirs, and clear transmission pathways are good candidates.
Consider diseases like measles or rubella, which have effective vaccines and no animal reservoirs, making them potential candidates for elimination.
Analyze why AIDS (caused by HIV) has not been eliminated by examining factors such as the lack of an effective vaccine, the presence of a long asymptomatic period, and the virus's ability to integrate into host DNA, making it difficult to eradicate.
Summarize that elimination depends on biological, epidemiological, and social factors, including vaccine availability, transmission dynamics, and public health infrastructure.
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1mKey Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Criteria for Viral Disease Elimination
Elimination of viral diseases requires factors like an effective vaccine, no animal reservoirs, clear symptoms for diagnosis, and limited modes of transmission. Diseases like smallpox and polio met these criteria, enabling targeted vaccination and surveillance to interrupt transmission.
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Challenges in Eliminating HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS remains uneliminated due to the absence of a fully effective vaccine, its long asymptomatic period, high mutation rate, and multiple transmission routes. Additionally, HIV integrates into host DNA, making eradication from infected individuals difficult.
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Potential Candidates for Viral Disease Elimination
Other viral diseases suitable for elimination include measles and rubella, which have effective vaccines and no animal reservoirs. Their transmission can be interrupted through widespread immunization and surveillance, similar to polio and smallpox.
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