How do lactobacilli limit infections in the vagina? Select all that apply.
a. They competitively exclude potential pathogens
b. They make hydrogen peroxide
c. They ferment fructose to make lactic acid
d. They lower the vaginal pH, which limits pathogen growth
e. They increase the rate of vaginal mucus secretion

Which one of the following measures is the most effective way to prevent viral infections of the digestive system?

a. Antibiotics

b. Thoroughly cooking food

c. Decontaminating water

d. Washing hands

e. Disinfecting bathroom surfaces

Which of the following does not fall into our current definition of TORCH infections?

a. Syphilis

b. Trichomoniasis

c. HIV

d. Rubella

e. Cytomegalovirus

Factors that contribute to vulvovaginal candidiasis include:

a. Low vaginal pH

b. High nitrates in urine

c. Increased blood bilirubin levels

d. Increased estrogen levels

e. Taking a fluconazole drug

A patient you are assessing reports an increase in vaginal discharge that has a foul odor, but she does not report other symptoms. The patient has been in a monogamous relationship for 3 years. Which of the following would be the most useful for this patient? Select all that apply.

a. Evaluate her urine for increased white blood cells

b. Perform a Gram stain on the vaginal discharge

c. Run a pregnancy test

d. Test for an STI

e. Perform a whiff test

A male patient is complaining of frothy discharge and painful urination. After negative NAAT testing, you will most likely prescribe:

a. Penicillin

b. Tetracycline

c. A cephalosporin

d. Metronidazole

You see a corkscrew-like bacterial cell under dark field microscopy. If the sample came from __________, it is likely __________.

a. Genital lesions, leptospirosis

b. Urine, gonorrhea

c. Urine, syphilis

d. Genital lesions, syphilis

e. Vaginal discharge, chlamydia