During _ a pilus forms between an F⁺ and an F⁻cell and allows for the exchange of genetic material. By the end of the process, the previously F⁻ cell is converted to a(n) _ cell.

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Identify the process described: The formation of a pilus between an F+ and an F− cell for genetic material exchange is characteristic of bacterial conjugation.

Understand the role of the pilus: During conjugation, the pilus acts as a bridge that connects the donor (F+) cell to the recipient (F−) cell, allowing transfer of genetic material, specifically the F plasmid.

Recognize the nature of the cells involved: The F+ cell contains the fertility factor (F plasmid), while the F− cell lacks it initially.

Describe the outcome of the process: After conjugation, the F− cell receives a copy of the F plasmid through the pilus, which converts it into an F+ cell.

Summarize the blanks: The first blank is filled by the term 'conjugation', and the second blank is filled by 'F+' to indicate the conversion of the recipient cell.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Bacterial Conjugation

Bacterial conjugation is a process where genetic material is transferred directly between bacterial cells through physical contact. It involves the formation of a pilus that connects an F+ donor cell to an F− recipient cell, enabling the transfer of plasmid DNA.

F Plasmid and F+ / F− Cells

The F plasmid (fertility plasmid) carries genes that allow bacteria to form a pilus and initiate conjugation. Cells with the F plasmid are called F+ and can donate DNA, while F− cells lack the plasmid and act as recipients during conjugation.

Conversion of F− to F+ Cell

During conjugation, the F plasmid is replicated and transferred from the F+ donor to the F− recipient. After receiving the plasmid, the F− cell becomes F+, gaining the ability to form pili and transfer DNA to other cells.

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Related Practice

Textbook Question

Codons are ___________ nucleotides long and are in ___________, which is transcribed from DNA. During ___________, tRNAs serve as adapter molecules to bring ___________ to the ribosome to build a protein. Once the ribosome reaches a(n) ___________ on the mRNA, translation ends.

Match the following:

Label the following as a biological, chemical, or physical mutagen:

UV radiation:

Transposons:

Cigarette smoke:

Viruses: