What percent of visible light is reflected from plain glass? Assume your answer refers to transmission through each surface, front and back. How does the presence of multiple lenses in a good camera degrade the image? What is suggested in Section 34–5 to reduce this reflection? Explain in words, and sketch how this solution works. For a 6-element glass lens in air, about how much improvement does this solution provide?

A person whose eyes are 1.64 m above the floor stands 2.60 m in front of a vertical plane mirror whose bottom edge is 38 cm above the floor, Fig. 32–48. What is the horizontal distance x, from the base of the wall supporting the mirror to the nearest point on the floor that can be seen reflected in the mirror?

(II) The critical angle for total internal reflection at a boundary between two materials is 48°. What is Brewster’s angle at this boundary? Give two answers, one for each material.

Suppose that you want to take a photograph of yourself as you look at your image in a mirror 2.4 m away. For what distance should the camera lens be focused?

Show that if two plane mirrors meet at an angle Φ, a single ray reflected successively from both mirrors is deflected through an angle of 2Φ independent of the incident angle. Assume Φ < 90° and that only two reflections, one from each mirror, take place.

You hold a small flat mirror 0.50 m in front of you and can see your reflection twice in that mirror because there is a full-length mirror 1.0 m behind you (Fig. 32–71). Determine the distance of each image from you.

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(II) A ray of light, after entering a light fiber, reflects at an angle of 14.5° with the long axis of the fiber, as in Fig. 32–57. Calculate the distance along the axis of the fiber that the light ray travels between successive reflections off the sides of the fiber. Assume that the fiber has an index of refraction of 1.55 and is 1.60 x 10^-4 m in diameter.

X-rays of wavelength 0.10 nm fall on a microcrystalline powder sample. The sample is located 15 cm from a photographic sensor. The crystal structure of the sample has an atomic spacing of 0.22 nm. Calculate the radii of the diffraction rings corresponding to first- and second-order scattering. Note in Fig. 35–28 that the X-ray beam is deflected through an angle 2Φ.

Suppose Fig. 32–37 shows a cylindrical rod whose end has a radius of curvature R = 2.0 cm, and the rod is immersed in water with index of refraction of 1.33. The rod has index of refraction 1.49. Find the location and height of the image of an object 2.0 mm high located 23 cm away from the rod.