A 2800-kg space vehicle, initially at rest, falls vertically from a height of 2900 km above the Earth’s surface. Determine how much work is done by the force of gravity in bringing the vehicle to the Earth’s surface.
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9. Work & Energy
Intro to Calculating Work
Problem 42
Textbook Question
A child is pulling a wagon down the sidewalk. For 5.0 m the wagon stays on the sidewalk and the child pulls with a horizontal force of 22 N. Then one wheel of the wagon goes off onto the grass so the child has to pull with a horizontal force of 38 N at an angle of 12° to the side for the next 3.0 m. Finally the wagon gets back on the sidewalk so the child makes the rest of the trip, 8.5 m, with a force of 22 N. How much total work did the child do on the wagon?

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Step 1: Recall the formula for work: \( W = F \cdot d \cdot \cos(\theta) \), where \( W \) is the work done, \( F \) is the force applied, \( d \) is the displacement, and \( \theta \) is the angle between the force and the displacement. For horizontal pulling, \( \cos(\theta) = 1 \) if the force is perfectly aligned with the displacement, and \( \cos(\theta) = \cos(12^\circ) \) when the force is at an angle.
Step 2: Calculate the work done for the first segment of the trip. The child pulls with a horizontal force of 22 N over a distance of 5.0 m. Since the force is horizontal and aligned with the displacement, \( \theta = 0^\circ \), so \( \cos(\theta) = 1 \). Use the formula \( W_1 = F_1 \cdot d_1 \cdot \cos(0^\circ) \).
Step 3: Calculate the work done for the second segment of the trip. The child pulls with a force of 38 N at an angle of \( 12^\circ \) over a distance of 3.0 m. Use the formula \( W_2 = F_2 \cdot d_2 \cdot \cos(12^\circ) \).
Step 4: Calculate the work done for the third segment of the trip. The child pulls with a horizontal force of 22 N over a distance of 8.5 m. Since the force is horizontal and aligned with the displacement, \( \theta = 0^\circ \), so \( \cos(\theta) = 1 \). Use the formula \( W_3 = F_3 \cdot d_3 \cdot \cos(0^\circ) \).
Step 5: Add the work done in all three segments to find the total work. Use the equation \( W_{\text{total}} = W_1 + W_2 + W_3 \). Substitute the expressions for \( W_1 \), \( W_2 \), and \( W_3 \) from the previous steps to calculate the total work done by the child.

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Key Concepts
Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Work
In physics, work is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the distance over which that force is applied, specifically in the direction of the force. Mathematically, it is expressed as W = F × d × cos(θ), where W is work, F is the force, d is the distance, and θ is the angle between the force and the direction of motion. Understanding this concept is crucial for calculating the total work done by the child on the wagon.
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Force Components
When a force is applied at an angle, it can be broken down into horizontal and vertical components using trigonometric functions. The horizontal component is found using F_horizontal = F × cos(θ), and the vertical component is F_vertical = F × sin(θ). In this scenario, the child pulls the wagon at an angle, so calculating the effective horizontal force is essential for determining the work done over the distance traveled.
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Net Work Done
The net work done on an object is the sum of the work done during each segment of motion. In this problem, the child pulls the wagon in three different scenarios, each requiring separate calculations of work based on the force applied and the distance traveled. By summing the work from each segment, we can find the total work done on the wagon throughout the entire trip.
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