_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus when paired closely together in time.

While in the store with her little sister, Latisha decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her, Latisha's fear of losing her sister again caused Latisha to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Latisha's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following?

In defining learning,  _____ refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not.

Birds who find their food by sight will avoid any object or insect that simply looks like the one that previously made them sick. This is a result of

Pavlov initially set out to study the _____ of his dogs.

An unlearned, involuntary response, such as salivating when presented with food, is

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response is a(n) _____ stimulus.

When a previously neutral stimulus, through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, the neutral stimulus has become

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be