Multiple Choice
The proposal that we experience emotion first with physical arousal (e.g., increased heart rate, shaky hands), which then leads to awareness of the emotion, is the basis of the
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2. Psychology Research
Developmental Designs
Multiple Choice
Which of the following best describes the primary difference between pretest/posttest designs and within-groups designs in developmental research?
A
Within-groups designs use random assignment, while pretest/posttest designs do not.
B
Pretest/posttest designs compare different groups before and after an intervention, while within-groups designs measure the same participants under all conditions.
C
Pretest/posttest designs are only used in longitudinal studies, while within-groups designs are only used in cross-sectional studies.
D
Pretest/posttest designs do not include any baseline measurements, whereas within-groups designs always include a baseline.
Verified step by step guidance1
Step 1: Understand the key terms involved. A pretest/posttest design involves measuring participants before and after an intervention or treatment to observe changes over time.
Step 2: Recognize that within-groups designs involve the same participants experiencing all conditions or treatments, allowing comparisons within the same group rather than between different groups.
Step 3: Identify that the primary difference lies in how participants are measured: pretest/posttest designs compare measurements at two time points (before and after) often involving different groups or conditions, while within-groups designs measure the same participants across multiple conditions.
Step 4: Note that random assignment is not the defining feature separating these designs; both can use random assignment depending on the study setup.
Step 5: Conclude that the best description is that pretest/posttest designs compare different groups before and after an intervention, whereas within-groups designs measure the same participants under all conditions.
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