Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.
Probability
Probability is a measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1. In this context, it quantifies the chance of a specific outcome—in this case, three of your dorm's ducks finishing in the top three positions of the race. The probability can be calculated using the formula: P(Event) = Number of favorable outcomes / Total number of outcomes.
Recommended video:
Introduction to Probability
Combinations and Permutations
Combinations and permutations are mathematical concepts used to count the arrangements of items. Permutations consider the order of selection, which is crucial here since the finishing positions (first, second, third) matter. The number of ways to arrange 'r' items from a set of 'n' can be calculated using permutations, denoted as nPr = n! / (n-r)!, where '!' denotes factorial.
Recommended video:
Permutations vs. Combinations
Total Outcomes
Total outcomes refer to the complete set of possible results in a probability scenario. In this duck race, the total outcomes would be the number of ways any of the 65 ducks can finish in the top three positions. This is calculated by considering all ducks and their possible arrangements, which is essential for determining the denominator in the probability calculation.
Recommended video:
Fundamental Counting Principle