Consider the following contingency table, which relates the number of applicants accepted to a college and gender.
c. What might you conclude about the admittance policies of the school? A lurking variable is the type of school applied to. This particular college has two programs of study: business and social work. The following table shows applications by type of school.

Made in America In a recent Harris Poll, a random sample of adult Americans (18 years and older) was asked, “When you see an ad emphasizing that a product is ‘Made in America,’ are you more likely to buy it, less likely to buy it, or neither more nor less likely to buy it?” The results of the survey, by age group, are presented in the contingency table below.

d. Construct a conditional distribution for the likelihood of buying a “Made in America” product by age, using age as the explanatory variable.

Made in America In a recent Harris Poll, a random sample of adult Americans (18 years and older) was asked, “When you see an ad emphasizing that a product is ‘Made in America,’ are you more likely to buy it, less likely to buy it, or neither more nor less likely to buy it?” The results of the survey, by age group, are presented in the contingency table below.

e. Create a bar graph for the conditional distribution found in part (d).

Happy in Your Marriage? The General Social Survey asks questions about one’s happiness in marriage. Is there an association between gender and happiness in marriage? Use the data in the table to determine if gender is associated with happiness in marriage. Treat gender as the explanatory variable.

Consider the following contingency table, which relates the number of applicants accepted to a college and gender.

a. Construct a conditional distribution of acceptance status by gender.

Consider the following contingency table, which relates the number of applicants accepted to a college and gender.

f. Explain carefully how the bias disappears when type of school is considered.

Obligations to Vote and Serve In the General Social Survey, individuals were asked whether civic duty included voting and whether it included serving on a jury. The results of the survey are shown in the table. Is there a difference in the proportion of individuals who feel jury duty is a civic duty and the proportion of individuals who feel voting is a civic duty? Use the α = 0.05 level of significance.

The table below shows the results from a drug trial for a new ADHD medication. Find the frequencies that we would expect if improvement of symptoms was independent of whether a participant received the placebo.

Finding Expected Frequencies

In Exercises 7–12, (a) calculate the marginal frequencies and (b) find the expected frequency for each cell in the contingency table. Assume that the variables are independent.