Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Proteins

Anatomy & Physiology

2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components

Proteins

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Problem 10

Textbook Question

Make a concept map (see BioSkills 12) that relates the four levels of protein structure and shows how they can contribute to the formation of hemoglobin. Your map should include the following boxed terms: Primary structure, Secondary structure, Tertiary structure, Quaternary structure, Amino acid sequence, R-groups, αα-helices, and ββ-pleated sheets.

Verified step by step guidance

Identify the four levels of protein structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

Label the boxes A, B, C, and D with the appropriate protein structure levels. A is Secondary structure, B is Tertiary structure, C is Quaternary structure, and D is R-groups.

Connect the Primary structure to the Amino acid sequence, as the primary structure is the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Connect the Secondary structure (A) to α-helices and β-pleated sheets, as these are the common structures formed by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms in the polypeptide chain.

Connect the Tertiary structure (B) to R-groups, as the tertiary structure is formed by interactions between the R-groups of the amino acids, and the Quaternary structure (C) to Multiple amino acid chains, as it involves the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein complex.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Protein Structure Levels

Proteins have four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids, while the secondary structure includes local folding patterns like α-helices and β-pleated sheets. The tertiary structure refers to the overall 3D shape of a single polypeptide chain, and the quaternary structure involves the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains into a functional protein, such as hemoglobin.

Amino Acid Sequence

The amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein, determined by the genetic code. This sequence is crucial as it dictates how the protein will fold and function. Variations in the amino acid sequence can lead to different protein structures and functions, which is particularly important in the context of hemoglobin, where specific sequences are vital for oxygen binding.

R-groups and Their Role

R-groups, or side chains, are the variable parts of amino acids that determine their unique properties. These groups influence how amino acids interact with each other, affecting the protein's folding and stability. In hemoglobin, the interactions between R-groups contribute to the formation of its quaternary structure, allowing it to effectively transport oxygen in the blood.