Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

22. The Respiratory System

Introduction to Lung Physiology

Anatomy & Physiology

22. The Respiratory System

Introduction to Lung Physiology

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors would increase respiratory rate?

Decreased body temperature

Decreased levels of hydrogen ions in the blood

Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood

Increased parasympathetic nervous system activity

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the physiological control of respiratory rate: The respiratory rate is primarily regulated by the medulla oblongata and pons in the brainstem, which respond to changes in blood chemistry, such as levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and hydrogen ions (H+).

Recognize the role of carbon dioxide: Increased levels of CO2 in the blood lead to the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3), which dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-). This lowers blood pH, stimulating chemoreceptors in the medulla and carotid bodies to increase respiratory rate to expel CO2 and restore pH balance.

Analyze the effect of body temperature: Decreased body temperature typically slows metabolic processes, reducing the need for oxygen and CO2 removal, which can decrease respiratory rate. Conversely, increased body temperature (e.g., during fever) can increase respiratory rate.

Evaluate the role of hydrogen ions: Decreased levels of H+ in the blood (alkalosis) would reduce the stimulus for increased respiratory rate, as the body is not trying to expel CO2 to correct pH. Increased H+ levels (acidosis) would have the opposite effect.

Consider the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system: Increased parasympathetic activity generally promotes relaxation and decreases respiratory rate, as it is associated with the 'rest-and-digest' state rather than the 'fight-or-flight' response.