Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

17. The Blood

Introduction To Blood

Anatomy & Physiology

17. The Blood

Introduction To Blood

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Problem L3.3c

Textbook Question

Predict the effects of each of the following on systemic arterial blood pressure:
Blood loss from a bleeding ulcer

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the relationship between blood volume and systemic arterial blood pressure: Blood pressure is directly influenced by blood volume. A decrease in blood volume reduces the amount of blood available to exert pressure on arterial walls.

Recognize the physiological response to blood loss: Blood loss from a bleeding ulcer leads to hypovolemia (low blood volume), which can decrease venous return to the heart and subsequently reduce cardiac output.

Analyze the role of cardiac output in blood pressure regulation: Systemic arterial blood pressure is determined by the formula:

P = Q \times R

, where

P

is blood pressure,

Q

is cardiac output, and

R

is systemic vascular resistance. A decrease in cardiac output due to reduced venous return will lower blood pressure.

Consider compensatory mechanisms: The body may attempt to compensate for the drop in blood pressure through mechanisms such as vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and increased heart rate, mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and hormones like epinephrine.

Evaluate the overall effect: If the blood loss is significant and compensatory mechanisms are insufficient, systemic arterial blood pressure will decrease, potentially leading to hypotension and shock.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Blood Volume and Pressure Relationship

Blood volume is directly related to systemic arterial blood pressure; a decrease in blood volume typically leads to a drop in blood pressure. When blood is lost, such as from a bleeding ulcer, the overall volume of circulating blood decreases, which can result in hypotension, or low blood pressure.

Compensatory Mechanisms

The body has several compensatory mechanisms to counteract low blood pressure, including increased heart rate and vasoconstriction. These responses are mediated by the autonomic nervous system and hormones like adrenaline, which aim to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs despite blood loss.

Shock and Its Stages

Shock is a critical condition that occurs when the body does not get enough blood flow, leading to inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues. In the case of significant blood loss, the body may progress through stages of shock, starting with compensatory mechanisms and potentially leading to irreversible shock if blood pressure remains low and organ perfusion is compromised.

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Textbook Question

Which of the following antibodies does a person with type O+ blood have in his or her plasma?

a. Anti-A antibodies

b. Anti-B antibodies

c. Anti-Rh antibodies

d. Both a and b are correct.

e. All of the above

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Textbook Question

Mr. Reczkiewicz has blood type AB−. Which of the following blood types could be safely donated to Mr. Reczkiewicz, assuming he has had prior exposure to Rh+ blood? (Circle all that apply.)

a. Type O+

b. Type A−

c. Type B−

d. Type AB+

e. Type O−

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Textbook Question

The two most clinically important groups of antigens on erythrocytes are the ______ and ______ blood groups.

Ms. Wu, whose blood type is O−, requires a blood transfusion. Her family members volunteer to donate blood. Their blood types are as follows: her son, type B−; her husband, type B+; her daughter, type O+. Which family members could safely donate blood to Ms. Wu? Who could not? Explain.

Which of the following is not a function of blood?

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following are the four main components of blood?

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Multiple Choice