Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Acid-Base Balance

Anatomy & Physiology

26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance

Acid-Base Balance

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Problem 18b

Textbook Question

Define and give an example of:
(b) A fixed acid, and
Which represents the greatest threat to acid-base balance? Why?

Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of a fixed acid: Fixed acids are acids that do not leave the body through respiration. They are produced by metabolic processes and must be eliminated by the kidneys. Examples include sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and phosphoric acid (H₃PO₄), which are generated during the metabolism of proteins and phospholipids.

Compare fixed acids to volatile acids: Volatile acids, such as carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), can be excreted through the lungs as carbon dioxide (CO₂). Fixed acids, however, require renal excretion and cannot be removed via the respiratory system.

Identify the threat to acid-base balance: Fixed acids represent a greater threat to acid-base balance because their accumulation can lead to metabolic acidosis if the kidneys are unable to excrete them efficiently. This condition disrupts the body's pH homeostasis.

Explain why fixed acids are problematic: Unlike volatile acids, fixed acids cannot be rapidly eliminated. If kidney function is impaired or if there is excessive production of fixed acids, the body's buffering systems may become overwhelmed, leading to a dangerous drop in blood pH.

Conclude with the importance of renal function: The kidneys play a critical role in maintaining acid-base balance by excreting fixed acids and reabsorbing bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). Proper kidney function is essential to prevent metabolic acidosis and maintain physiological pH levels.

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Key Concepts

Here are the essential concepts you must grasp in order to answer the question correctly.

Fixed Acids

Fixed acids are non-volatile acids that do not evaporate and are produced from metabolic processes. They remain in the body fluids and contribute to the overall acidity. An example of a fixed acid is sulfuric acid, which is produced during the metabolism of certain amino acids. Unlike volatile acids, fixed acids require renal excretion to maintain acid-base balance.

Acid-Base Balance

Acid-base balance refers to the mechanisms the body uses to maintain the pH of blood and other fluids within a narrow range, typically around 7.35 to 7.45. This balance is crucial for normal cellular functions and is regulated by buffers, respiratory control of carbon dioxide, and renal excretion of acids and bases. Disruptions in this balance can lead to acidosis or alkalosis, which can be life-threatening.

Threats to Acid-Base Balance

The greatest threats to acid-base balance often come from the accumulation of fixed acids, such as lactic acid or ketoacids, which can overwhelm the body's buffering systems. Conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis can lead to significant drops in blood pH, resulting in metabolic acidosis. This state can impair organ function and requires prompt medical intervention to restore balance.