Table of contents

1. Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology5h 43m
2. Cell Chemistry & Cell Components12h 36m
3. Energy & Cell Processes10h 6m
4. Tissues & Histology10h 3m
5. Integumentary System2h 20m
6. Bones & Skeletal Tissue2h 16m
7. The Skeletal System2h 35m
8. Joints2h 17m
9. Muscle Tissue2h 33m
10. Muscles1h 11m
11. Nervous Tissue and Nervous System1h 35m
12. The Central Nervous System1h 6m
- Introduction to the Central Nervous System
  18m
- The Cerebrum
  48m
13. The Peripheral Nervous System1h 26m
14. The Autonomic Nervous System1h 38m
15. The Special Senses2h 41m
16. The Endocrine System2h 48m
17. The Blood3h 22m
18. The Heart3h 42m
19. The Blood Vessels3h 35m
20. The Lymphatic System3h 16m
21. The Immune System14h 37m
22. The Respiratory System3h 20m
23. The Digestive System2h 5m
24. Metabolism and Nutrition4h 0m
25. The Urinary System2h 39m
26. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance, Acid Base Balance37m
27. The Reproductive System2h 5m
28. Human Development1h 21m
29. Heredity3h 32m

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Introduction to Metabolism

Anatomy & Physiology

3. Energy & Cell Processes

Introduction to Metabolism

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Multiple Choice

Metabolic pathways in cells are typically far from equilibrium. Which of the following processes tend(s) to keep these pathways away from equilibrium?

The continuous removal of the products of a pathway to be used in other reactions

An input of free energy from outside the pathway

An input of heat from the environment

The first, second, and third listed responses are correct.

The first and second listed responses are correct.

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Verified step by step guidance

Understand the concept of metabolic pathways: Metabolic pathways are series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell. They are crucial for maintaining the cell's functions and are typically regulated to be far from equilibrium to ensure continuous operation.

Consider the role of product removal: The continuous removal of products from a pathway prevents the accumulation of these products, which would otherwise lead to equilibrium. This removal allows the pathway to proceed in a forward direction, facilitating ongoing reactions.

Evaluate the input of free energy: Metabolic pathways often require an input of free energy to drive reactions forward. This energy input can come from sources like ATP, which helps maintain the pathway's directionality and prevents it from reaching equilibrium.

Analyze the role of heat input: While heat can influence reaction rates, it does not directly contribute to keeping pathways away from equilibrium in the same way that product removal and free energy input do. Heat generally affects the kinetics rather than the thermodynamics of the pathway.

Conclude with the correct processes: Based on the analysis, the continuous removal of products and the input of free energy are the key processes that keep metabolic pathways away from equilibrium, aligning with the correct answer provided.